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Biology
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1st
Semester Exam Ch 1,3-5,7-11/PRICE
Ecology, Cells, Genetics
Science differs from other disciplines, such as history & the arts because science relies on
_________________ explanations. (Testing)
Information gathered from observing a plant growing 5 cm over a three week period results in Data.
You suggest that a light is not coming on because the bulb is ‘blown’. This is a(n) hypothesis.
In science, a hypothesis is useful only if, it can be tested.
Cell specialization in multi-cellular organisms allows cells to perform different functions.
On the Celsius scale, how many degrees are between the freezing & boiling points of water?100
The basic unit of mass in SI is the gram.
An instrument that allows light to pass through the specimen & uses two lenses to form an image is a(an)
compound light microscope.
When & why are safety procedures important when working in the lab? Anytime you are working in the lab,
the field, or with animals to assure that no accidents happen.
The combined portions of Earth in which all living things exist is called the .biosphere.
All of the members of a particular species that live in one area are called a(an)population.
List the levels of organization in the ecosystem beginning with Species and going to the most complex
level…be sure to know what each level consists of! Species, Population, Community, Ecosystem, Biome,
Biosphere
The simplest grouping of more than one kind of organism in the biosphere is a (an) community.
The lowest level of environmental complexity that includes living and nonliving factors is the ecosystem.
Plants are considered autotrophs or producers because they make their own food.
Define food chain and be able to answer questions about a given food chain. Food Chain- Series of steps in
an ecosystem in which organisms transfer energy by eating or being eaten.
17. An organism that uses energy to produce its own food supply from inorganic compounds is called a(an)
autotroph.
18. heterotroph -an organism that CANNOT make its own food.
19. All the interconnected feeding relationships make up a food web.
20. What is the term for each step in the transfer of energy and matter within a food web?trophic level
21. A coyote stalks, kills and eats a rabbit. What two ecological terms can be used to describe the coyote?
Carnivore, consumer
22. In the example above, the coyote would be a second level consumer.
23. Nitrogen fixation is carried out primarily by bacteria.
Define biotic & abiotic factors. Be able to give example of each and to apply them.
ABIOTIC- Non-living factor; the PHYSICAL factors that shape the ecosystem. EX: Climate,
precipitation, humidity, wind, sunlight, air, temperature, soil type.
BIOTIC- Living factor; Biological influence on organisms within an ecosystem. EX: plants, animals,
& other living organisms
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24. Define an organism’s NICHE. The range of physical & biological conditions in which an organism lives &
the way in which it uses those conditions.
25. An interaction in which one organism captures and feeds on another organism is called predation.
26. Different species can share the same habitat, but competition among them is reduced if they occupy
different niches.
27. What type of mutualism is seen in the relationship between a hummingbird & a flower that it feeds on for
nectar? Mutualism because the flower provides the bird with food & the bird pollinates the flower.
28. Which biome is characterized by very low temperatures, little precipitation, & permafrost? Tundra
29. Which two biomes have the least amount of precipitation? Desert & Tundra
30. A biome is identified by its particular set of abiotic factors and its characteristic
______________.ecologicial community.
31. In a logistic growth curve, exponential growth is the phase in which the population does what? Grows
quickly.
32. Define density dependent factors & list examples. Be able to APPLY them on the test! Density Dependent
Factor- (Ex: competition, crowding, disease)
33. Define density-independent factor & list examples. Be able to APPLY them on the test! Density-Independent
Factor (Ex: earthquake, volcano, tornado, flood, landslide)
34. Define prokaryote & give an example. An organism that lacks a true nucleus. Ex: Bacteria
35. Define eukaryote & give an example. An organism that contains a true nucleus. Ex: all multicellular
organisms;
36. Compare & contrast prokaryotes & eukaryotes. Prokaryotes do not have a nucleus. Eukaryotes do have a
nucleus. Prokaryotes are smaller than eukaryotes. Eukaryotes contain membrane bound organelles.
37. Diffusion is the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
38. Diffusion occurs because molecules are constantly moving & colliding with each other.
39. When the concentration of molecules on both sides of a membrane is the same, the molecules will move
across the membrane in both directions.
40. Cell Specialization refers to cells having different jobs.
41. List & describe the levels of organization in a multicellular organism from the simplest level to the most
complex level. Cells…a group of similar cells make up tissues; Tissues- a group of similar tissues makes
up an organ; Organ- a group of similar organs makes up an organ system; Organ System- a group of organ
systems makes up an organism.
42. Photosynthesis uses sunlight to convert water & carbon dioxide into oxygen, & high energy sugars
(glucose) (and starches).
43. In the overall equation for photosynthesis, six molecules of carbon dioxide results in six molecules of
oxygen.
44. Most plants appear green because chlorophyll reflects green light.
45. Energy is released during cellular respiration.
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46. Write the equation for cellular respiration.
C6H12O6 + 6O2 -------------------> 6CO2 + 6H2O
Glucose + Oxygen  Carbon Dioxide + Water
47. What are the reactants in the equation for cellular respiration?
Glucose & Oxygen
48. What are the products of cellular respiration?
Carbon Dioxide, Water & Energy
49. Cellular respiration is called an aerobic process because it requires oxygen.
50. How are cellular respiration & photosynthesis almost opposite processes?They are opposites of each other.
The photosynthesis reactants are the products of Cellular Respiration; The photosynthesis products are the
reactants of Cellular respiration. Photosynthesis is an energy STORING process. Cellular respiration is an
energy RELEASING process.
51. Photosynthesis is to choloroplasts as cellular respiration is to mitochondria.
52. The products of photosynthesis are the reactants of cellular respiration.
53. The process by which a cell divides into TWO daughter cells is called mitosis.
54. If a normal cell divides, you can assume that it has grown to its full size.
55. When during the cell cycle are chromosomes visible? Only during cell division.
56. List the phases of mitosis in their proper order. Give a description of each phase.
Prophase- The first phase of mitosis-TYPICALLY THE LONGEST; The chromatin condenses into
chromosomes. The centrioles separate, & a spindle begins to form. The nuclear envelop breaks down.
Metaphase- The second and typically the SHORTEST phase of mitosis. The chromosomes line up across the
middle of the cell. Each chromosome is connected to a spindle fiber at its centromere.
Anaphase- The sister chromatids separate into individual chromosomes & are moved apart.
Telophase- The last phase of mitosis. The chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell & lose their distinct
shapes. Two new nuclear envelopes will form.
57. The chemical factors that determine traits are called genes.
58. Organisms that have two identical alleles for a particular trait are said to be homozygous.
BE SURE TO CONTINUE TO NEXT SHEET
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59. Know about a punnett square & be able to apply the rules.
Answers:
TT x TT Cross
TT
TT
TT
TT
*All four offspring are dominant
tall.
````````````````````````````````````````````
Tt xTt Cross:
TT Tt
Tt tt
1. TT= dominant Tall; 2.
Tt=Hybrid Tall; 3. Tt=
Hybrid Tall 4. tt= recessive
short;
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Tt x TT Cross:
TT TT
Tt Tt
1. TT= dominant tall; 2. TT=
dominant tall; 3. Tt= hybrid
tall; 4. Tt= hybrid tall;
````````````````````````````````````````````
tt x tt Cross:
tt tt
tt tt
* All four offspring are recessive
short;