Chemistry Packet 3: Section V Building With Matter (pg. 124-143)
Classifying Substances.
 Many of the substances we know about can be sorted into general
categories according to their properties, such as
_____________________ (the ability to dissolve) _______________
_______________ (the temperature at which a substance melts) and
__________________ (the ability to conduct electricity).
o Some substances, like sugar, sodium chloride, and ammonium
sulfate, dissolve in water to make an _______________
solution (a term we learned a few weeks ago). Gold,
however, does not dissolve in water (but aqua regia, which we
learned about in our first unit, can dissolve gold).
 A substance that dissolves in water is said to be ____________
in water, and one that does not dissolve is said to be
Oil and
_______________. Therefore sodium chloride is
water are
soluble in water, while gold is insoluble in water.
insoluble.
o The property of conductivity is related to a substance’s
Or battery
ability to conduct electricity. Electrical conductivity requires
the movement of _____ or _______________.
 Copper wire is an excellent conductor; the human
body can also act as a conductor. _______________
is a poor conductor.
 Electrical conductivity can be tested by setting up a simple electrical
circuit—if the substance being tested is part of the circuit, it will either lead to
the __________ or _________________ of an electrical current. This is
easy to test if a light bulb is also part of the circuit; if the bulb lights up, the
substance conducts ______________________.
Properties
soluble in water/
conduct electricity/
high melting point
soluble in water/
do not conduct
electricity/
low melting point
insoluble in water/
conduct
electricity/
high melting point
insoluble in water/
do not conduct
electricity/
high melting point
Examples
Sodium chloride,
copper sulfate
sucrose C12H22O11,
(“table sugar”); carbon
dioxide, CO2
Gold, copper,
aluminum
sand/glass (SiO2);
diamonds (C)
Types of
Atoms
_____________
compounds (a metal
and a nonmetal, or
polyatomic ions) in
aqueous solution
________________;
often C, H, and O
_______________
_______________
Type of
Bond
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
_______________
Electrons
are…
_______________
_______________
between atoms in a
molecule
Free-flowing
“_______ of
electrons”
_______________
_______________
substance
Description
_______________
solids
Often liquids or gases;
sometimes solids
Bendable,
_______________
solids
Extremely
___________
solids
Packet 3 Example 1: Predicting Properties
Predict whether the following substances will dissolve in water, and whether they will conduct
electricity.
Lead
soluble / insoluble
conduct / not conduct
Potassium bromide
soluble / insoluble
conduct / not conduct
Bonding
 Chemists call the attraction that holds atoms together a
__________________ ______________. Several types of
bonds exist, and they all involve electrons in some way.
Carbon dioxide exists
as separate CO2
molecules; silicon
dioxide exists as a
network of silicon
and oxygen.

We’ve seen that most substances can be divided into four
categories based on their physical properties. These
categories can be explained by different models of _______________. You can see these
in the table on the previous page.

Some properties are directly related to the _______________ of bonds the atoms in the
substances have. Therefore, it is possible to match the bonding with the _______________
_______________ observed in different substances.
o _______________ requires the movement of charged particles.
 Ionic substances in aqueous solution contain free-moving _______________
and _______________, so they conduct electricity.
 Metallic substances conduct electricity because their valence electrons are
____________ ____ __________ within the solid.
 Network covalent substances and molecular covalent substances ____
________ contain ions or transfer electrons, so they do not conduct
electricity.
o _______________ _______________depends on the attractive forces between the
particles.
 The higher the melting point, the stronger the attractive forces.
Packet 3 Example 2: Identifying Types of Bonds
Determine the type of bond in each of the following substances. Then decide the physical
properties each substance would have.
Substance
Type of Bond Soluble in
Conducts
Electrons
Description
water?
electricity?
are…
Magnesium
chloride,
MgCl2
Rubbing
alcohol,
C3H8O
Electroplating Metals

Most metals are dug out of the ground as ionic compounds (_______________); in other
words, they cannot be found in nature in their _______________ forms. Through the ages,
people have struggled to extract the pure metals from these ores; some are easier to purify
than others.
o Despite being the third most common element in Earth’s crust, _______________
was one of the most difficult metals for scientists to isolate. It was first purified in
1827 by a German chemist named Friedrich Wöhler. Processing aluminum was still
difficult and inefficient, making it more expensive per ounce than ______________
for quite some time. Napoleon III famously let only his favorite guests use his
aluminum cutlery, while the rest had to use gold. The Washington Monument was
also capped with aluminum which (at the time) was as expensive as silver. It was
not until the advent of _____________________ (running an electric current through
aluminum ore), that the isolation of aluminum became more efficient, therefore
dropping the price of aluminum.

_______________ can be used to extract metal from compounds
by “giving” electrons back to metal ions, which converts them
to neutral metal atoms. This process is called
_______________________.
o Ex. Copper metal can be extracted from a copper sulfate
solution by running an electrical current through the
solution.