Important Royal Lines and Governments
FRANCE:
 Valois Line:
o Louis XI ―Spider King (1461-83)
o Francis I (1515-1547): Concordat of Bologna; Hapsburg-Valois Wars
 Bourbons:
o Henry IV (Henry of Navarre) (1589-1610): politique; Edict of Nantes; Duke of Sully
o Louis XIII (1610-1643): Richelieu
o Louis XIV (The ―Sun King) – (1643-1715): Mazarin, Colbert; absolutism, Versailles
o Louis XV (1715-1774)
o Louis XVI (1774-1792): beheaded during French Revolution
 The Empire:
o Napoleon I (1804-1814) (Note: Consulate 1799-1804)
o Restoration of Bourbons: Louis XVIII: Charter of 1814-constitutional monarchy
o Orleans: Louis Philippe (1830-1848) ("Bourgeois King")
 Second Republic: 1848-1852 -- President Louis Napoleon
 Second Empire: Napoleon III (1842-1870) (Note: 2nd Republic 1848-1852)
 Third Republic: 1870-1940: Adolph Thiers, Leon Gambetta, Raymond Poincarè
 Vichy Regime: 1940-1944 (during Nazi occupation of France in WWII)
 Fourth Republic: 1944-1958; Charles de Gaulle
 Fifth Republic: 1958—present ; Charles de Gaulle, Francois Mitterand
AUSTRIA
 Habsburg Succession, 1493-1637: Holy Roman Empire
o Maximilian I (1493-1519): 1st important Habsburg
o Charles V (1519-1556): most powerful ruler in Europe; tried to prevent spread of
reformation
o Leopold I (1658-1705): thwarted Turkish invasion
o Charles VI: Pragmatic Sanction, 1713
o Maria Theresa (1740-1780): War of Austrian Succession
o Joseph II (1765-1790): greatest of the "enlightened monarchs"
SPAIN
o Ferdinand and Isabella (1492-1519): created modern unified Spain
 Habsburgs:
o Charles V (1519-1556) -- controlled both Austrian and Spanish thrones
o Phillip II (1556-1598) -- son of Charles V: Catholic crusade against England
ENGLAND (Great Britain after 1707)
 Tudors
o Henry VII (1489-1509): won "War of the Roses"; "new monarch"
o Henry VIII (1509-1547): English Reformation
o Mary I ―Bloody Mary (1553-1558) – (note: not Mary, ―Queen of Scots‖)
o Elizabeth I (1558-1603)
 Stuarts
o James I (1603-1625): "divine right" theory
o Charles I (1625-1642): beheaded
 Interregnum: Commonwealth (1649-53); Protectorate (1653-58); Oliver Cromwell
 Restoration:
o Charles II (1660-1685): Restoration
o James II (1685-1688): overthrown during "Glorious Revolution"
o William and Mary (1688-1702): products of "Glorious Revolution"
o Anne (1702-1714): 1707, royal title now King (or Queen) of Great Britain & Ireland
 Hanoverians:
o 18th century: George I, George II, George III (lost American Revolution)
o Robert Walpole (first prime minister in 1820s)
o Queen Victoria (1837-1901)
o 19th century leaders: Earl Grey, Benjamin Disraeli, William Gladstone
o 20th century leaders: Winston Churchill, Clement Attlee, Margaret Thatcher
GERMANY
 Hohenzollerns:
o Frederick William – The ―Great Elector(1640-1688): foundation for Prussian state
o Frederick I (Elector Frederick III) ―The Ostentatious(1688-1713): 1st King of Prussia
o Frederick William I (1713-1740) ―The Soldiers‘ King
o Frederick the Great (Frederick II) (1740-1786): "Enlightened Despotism"
o Frederick William IV (1840-1861): "Humiliation of Olmutz"
o William I (1861-1888) -- unified Germany under Bismarck; became Kaiser Wilhelm I
o William II (1888-1918) -- World War I
 Weimar Republic: 1919-1933 Gustave Streseman
 Third Reich: 1933-1945 -- Adolf Hitler
 German Federal Republic (West Germany): 1949-1990 Konrad Adenauer, Willy Brandt
 German Democratic Republic (East Germany): 1949-1990
 German Federal Republic (reunited Germany): 1990- Helmut Kohl
RUSSIA:
 Ivan III ―Ivan the Great (1442-1505)
 Ivan IV ―Ivan the Terrible (1533-1584)
 Romanov Dynasty (1613-1917)
o Michael Romanov (1613-1645)
o Peter the Great (1682-1725)
o Catharine II, ―Catharine the Great‖ (1762-96): Enlightened despotism?
o Alexander I (1801-1825): Napoleonic wars, "Holy Alliance"
o Nicholas I (1825-1855): Took control after Decembrist uprising (very conservative)
o Alexander II (1855-1881): Emancipation Edict
o Alexander III (1881-1894): "Autocracy, Orthodoxy, Russification" (ultra-conservative)
o Nicholas II (1894-1917): WWI, Russian Revolution
 Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR): 1922-1991
o Vladimir Lenin (1917-1924),
o Joseph Stalin (1927-1953),
o Nikita Khrushchev (1955-1964)
o Leonid Brezhnev (1964-1982),
o Mikhail Gorbachev (1985-1991)
 Russian Federation: 1991- Boris Yeltsin (1991-2000); Vladimir Putin (2000-2008)
ITALY:
 Victor Emmanuel I (1849-1878) -- King of Sardinia: unified Italy (Count Cavour)
 Victor Emmanuel III (1900-1946): WWI, Mussolini