Couperin Open Access Conference: Généraliser l’accès ouvert aux résultats de la recherche
Paris, 24/25 January 2013
Enjeux de l’Open Access :
le green OA, coûts et bénéfices
Alma Swan
Director of Advocacy, SPARC Europe
Convenor, Enabling Open Scholarship
Director, Key Perspectives Ltd
Director, Infrastructure Services for Open Access
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Les coûts et bénéfices
Benefits:
Costs:
• Faster, more efficient, more
effective research
• Outreach to professional and
practitioner communities
• Outreach to the education
community
• Outreach to the business
community
• A better Knowledge Society
• €€€ ?
E
O
• Publisher adaptation
• Author adaptation
• €€€ ?
S
Three Open Access scenarios
Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open
Access)
• (1) In parallel with subscription journals
• (2) Instead of subscription journals, via
repositories with overlay services
(3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access
publishing)
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Another dimension
Worldwide versus unilateral OA
Worldwide = when all institutions (or nations)
convert to OA
Unilateral = when only the test institution (or
nation) converts to OA and the rest of the
world continues with the current situation
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National models
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National pictures (worldwide OA)
Annual € savings
from moving to:
OA journals
(‘Gold’ OA)
UK
480 million
Benefit/cost ratio
OA repositories with
subscriptions
(‘Green’ OA)
Benefit/cost ratio
OA repositories with
overlay services
Netherlands Denmark
133 million
70 million
50 million
Value of benefit
amounts to
30 million some 4x to 25x
the cost
1.4
125 million
US federal
agencies
4.2
Circa 480
million
Circa 133
million
Circa 70
million
(Houghton et al, 2009, 2010)
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Benefit-cost ratios (UK) (worldwide OA)
(CEPA, 2011)
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Institutional models
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Three Open Access scenarios
Self-archiving in repositories (‘Green’ Open
Access)
• (1) In parallel with subscription journals
• (2) Instead of subscription journals, via
repositories with overlay services
(3) Open Access journals (‘Gold’ Open Access
publishing)
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UK: Case studies
University
Research income per annum
University A
2 million GBP
University B
10 million GBP
University C
75 million GBP
University D
200 million GBP
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Savings from Green OA
(with subscriptions)
GBP per annum
1,400,000
1,200,000
1,000,000
University A
800,000
University B
600,000
University C
400,000
University D
200,000
0
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‘University UK’: Annual savings from OA
900,000
GBP per annum
800,000
700,000
OA journals
600,000
500,000
OA via repositories
400,000
300,000
Repositories with
overlay publishing
services
200,000
100,000
0
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Savings from OA via OA journals
2,000,000
GBP per annum
1,000,000
0
-1,000,000
University A
-2,000,000
University B
-3,000,000
University C
University D
-4,000,000
-5,000,000
-6,000,000
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More realistic assumptions
Before:
•
•
Universities would pay for all articles published by authors in their
institution
Used average APC value of 1500 GBP
New: set of new assumptions:
•
•
•
•
•
The corresponding author is responsible for article processing payments
Where work is funded by external funders, the funder will pay article
processing charges
So, a university only pays for unfunded articles where the main author is
in that institution
Used ‘real’ average APC of 571 GBP* ...
Or ‘real’ disciplinary values*
*(Solomon & Bjork, 2011)
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Savings from worldwide Gold OA
3,500,000
3,000,000
GBP per annum
2,500,000
University A
2,000,000
University B
University C
1,500,000
University D
1,000,000
500,000
0
N.B. Modelled disciplinary mix with discipline-specific average APCs
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Savings from Gold OA (different APCs)
APC = ‘real’
disciplinary values
APC = 1500 GBP
3,500,000
GBP per annum
3,000,000
University A
2,500,000
University B
University C
2,000,000
University D
University A(1500)
1,500,000
University B (1500)
University C (1500)
1,000,000
University D (1500)
500,000
0
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Unilateral Gold OA incurs costs
0
-200,000
-400,000
-600,000
GBP per annum
University A
-800,000
University B
-1,000,000
University C
University D
-1,200,000
-1,400,000
-1,600,000
-1,800,000
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Savings from worldwide Green OA
4,000,000
Green OA through
repositories plus
subscription journals
3,500,000
GBP per annum
3,000,000
2,500,000
Green OA through
repositories with overlaid
publishing services using
average APC of 480 GBP
per article
2,000,000
1,500,000
1,000,000
Green OA through
repositories with overlaid
publishing services using
APC costs of the
disciplinary mix
500,000
0
University A
E
University B
University C
O
University D
S
Unilateral Green OA incurs costs
University A
University B
University C
University D
Green OA through
repositories plus
subscription journals
0
GBP per annum
-100,000
-200,000
Green OA through
repositories with
overlaid publishing
services using average
APC of 480 GBP per
article
-300,000
-400,000
-500,000
-600,000
Green OA through
repositories with
overlaid publishing
services using APC costs
of the disciplinary mix
-700,000
-800,000
-900,000
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Summary
Route through transition
Cost or benefit?
Gold OA - worldwide
Benefit (savings)
Gold OA - unilateral
Cost
Green OA - worldwide
Benefit (savings)
Green OA - unilateral
Cost
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National models
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Worldwide Adoption of
Open Access
Unilateral Adoption of
Open Access
2,000,000
Net cost savings for the institution
1,784,890
1,500,000
GBP per annum
1,000,000
500,000
401,990
0
-90,530
-470,340
-500,000
Net costs facing the institution
-1,000,000
Wordwide Gold OA
E
Worldwide Green OA
O
Unilateral Gold OA
S
Unilateral Green OA
Modelling OA at institutional level
Cheaper, whatever model (Green or Gold) for all nations
studied
Transitioning: through Green OA is the cheapest route:
•
•
•
•
•
Amount of Green OA grows to 90-100% of all articles
Authors’ final versions are acceptable as a substitute
Libraries consider it safe to cancel subscriptions
Publishers convert to Gold OA (service provision rather than
product sales)
Cash available in institutions (savings from subscriptions) to
pay for Gold publishing services
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Thank you for listening
aswan@talk21.com
www.sparceurope.org
www.openscholarship.org
www.keyperspectives.co.uk
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