Intermediate 2
& Higher Physical Education
Skills and Techniques
Lesson objectives…
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Recap - types / methods of practice
Recap - Stages of skill learning
Homework feed back – Cognitive stage of skill learning
Associative stage of skill learning
Peer marking task – describing a weakness in performance
Issue homework for Friday 16th December – 1 tasks
Recap- Types/methods of practice
Click here for last Wednesdays lesson
Gradual Build Up
Conditioned
Stage 5
Games
Stage of
Skill
Learning
Gradual Build
Pressure
StageDrills
4
Up
Combination
Stage 3
Practice
Repetition
Stage 2
Practice
Shadow
Stage
Practice
1
Performance Level
Methods of practice
used on our journey
Shadow
Practice
Cognitive
Repetition
Practice
Associative
Combination
Practice
Pressure
Drills
Conditioned
Games
Autonomous
Recap-Stages of Skill Learning
What are the three stages of skill learning?
STAGES OF LEARNING
Cognitive
Associative
Autonomous
Cognitive Stage
During the planning stage, you find out what the skill involves – work out
the subroutines: Preparation
Action
Recovery
At the cognitive stage of skill learning. Limited ability and knowledge of
skill. Observing Model performer helps improve knowledge of what it
means to perform effectively.
Even although some of the subroutines involved in the skill
maybe new, it does not mean that you are at the beginner
level in badminton.
Beginner Level
Badminton
Player
After establishing the different subroutines you make your
first attempts at learning the skill using shadow practice.
Errors are likely to be common during the planning stage. As a result of
this you will need lots of advice and encouragement
Homework Feedback
Homework feedback
Reminder of Homework codes used in PE
Excellent of the standard expected
Satisfactory, some key content / information missing
Unsatisfactory, not of the level required – MUST REDO
If you are unsure about Homework come at lunch time
or after school and ask!
Reminder of homework question
Due – Friday 9th December
Task 1:
Describe what you did at the cognitive stage of skill learning to develop your overhead clear.
Give specific performance related examples to support your answer.
If you are unsure about Homework come at lunch time
or after school and ask!
Homework feedback
Generally
. big improvement, encouragingly there were a number of
Some improvements required
Use paragraphs - when describing the shadow practice drills you used
take a new paragraph for each practice.
Common mistakes
Not describing the actual shadow practice drills you used. This section of
your answer should be like a set of instructions that the reader could use
to undertake your practice drills.
Not explaining your shadow practice drills fully.
• How many overhead clears did you perform? (repetitions)
• What was your work to rest ratio?
• How many times did you complete each practice (number of
sets)
Why Shadow Practice is appropriate at Cognitive Stage
Shadow practice involves performing the overhead clear in isolation without the distraction
of a shuttle. The idea of shadow practice is to grove the skill / increase muscle memory by
concentrating on just performing the movement patterns involved in the overhead clear. By
removing the shuttle you can focus solely on technique.
Shadow practice is an appropriate method of practice during the cognitive stage as it focuses
solely on learning the movements involved in the overhead clear. Also errors are common
during the planning stage, by removing the distraction of the shuttle I can reduce the number
of errors it’s possible to make and remove the need for a feeder.
Feedback
By removing the need for a feeder I allow my partner to concentrate on providing me with
verbal feedback. During the cognitive stage it is important to receive plenty of positive
feedback. For the feedback to be effective, it needs to be given as soon as possible. For this
reason I had low work to rest ratios during shadow practice drills. During my initial shadow
practice drill my partner provided me with feedback after each overhead clear. As my
performance improved the feedback was given after 5 overhead clears. It was important that
the feedback was positive, giving negative feedback would not have been useful as it would
fail to explain how I could improve.
Skill Learning - Associative Stage
Cognitive
Associative Stage of the
journey
Repetition
Practice
Associative
Combination
Practice
Pressure
Drills
Autonomous
Associative Stage
During the associative stage you link together all the
subroutines and practice the skill using a variety of practice
methods.
Appropriate practice will gradually reduce the
number of mistakes made during performance. As
performance improves the difficulty of practices will
gradually increase.
Repetition Drills
Combination Drills
Pressure Drills
Difficulty of
practice
Performance
Level
Your level of performance will determine how quickly you
progress through the practices. To ensure you move on at the
correct time you must have specific success criteria to achieve
before you move on.
To avoid boredom and ensure high quality practice it is important to vary your
practice. If you repeat the same thing over and over again you will become bored,
disinterested and your level of performance will decrease.
During the associative stage I linked together all the subroutines involved in the overhead
clear and practiced the skill by using a variety of different practice methods:
1. Repetition Practice
2. Combination Practice
3. Pressure Drills
By completing a varied programme of practice I was able to gradually reduce the number
of errors I made when performing the overhead clear. To ensure progression in my practice
sessions I increased the difficulty of the practices as my level of performance improved.
For example initially I used Repetition Drills which involved my partner feeding the
shuttle high above me so I could play an overhead clear. At first I started in the back
tramlines but as my performance improved I had to move from base to the rear of the court
to return the shuttle.
After focussing on repetition practice my level of performance had improved to such an
extent that I progressed to using Combination Practices. This involved playing another
stroke in addition to my overhead clear. For example initially I worked with two feeders.
One fed the shuttle to the rear of the court allowing me to return with an overhead clear,
the other dropped the shuttle over the net forcing me to play a net shot before returning to
the rear to play another overhead clear.
As I was moving towards the automatic stage I started to use Pressure Drills. Initially I
used repetition pressure drills which required be to repeatedly perform overhead clears
while under pressure. As my performance improved I progressed to using combination
pressure drills, which required me to perform my overhead clear along with a net shot in
pressured situations.
By varying my sessions and having clear progression routes between practice methods I kept
my motivation levels up avoiding the onset of boredom. To avoid fatigue I ensured I had
adequate rest, my work to rest ration was usually 1:3. When performing I would never
have to perform more than 10/15 shots without a break.
Repetition Drills
Repetition practice involves setting up drills which require you to repeatedly practice a
particular part of the overhead clear or the whole technique itself.
For example our initial repetition drill involved your partner feeding the shuttle high above
you so you could play an overhead clear. At first you started in the back tramlines meaning
you didn’t have to move into position (repeatedly practiced the action + recovery phases).
As performance improved you had to move from base to the rear of the court to return the
shuttle.
During repetition practice the intention is to grove the skill. It is vital that movements are
performed repeatedly until the movement is grooved into the muscles memory.
Work to Rest Ratio
In order to groove the skill it is vital that the skill is performed repeatedly, however for
practice to be effective you need to consistently perform the skill to a high level. For this
reason it is vital to ensure adequate work to rest ratios are used. For example 10 overhead
clears would not be enough, but 30 would be to many so you would perform 3 sets of 10.
Combination Practice
Now you describe combination practice, below is a picture of the games hall white board
from Monday.
Homework Feedback – Peer Marking Task
Reminder of homework question
Due – Friday 9th December
Task 2:
 Describe a complex skill which you found to be a weakness. Explain why
you considered it to be a weakness.
Answer for task 2 should include
Intro – aim/objective of overhead clear
Explanation as to why OHC is a complex skill
Description of overhead clear
Comparison of your performance to that of a model performer at the Preparation / Action
/ Recovery stages.
Summary of how this affected the effectiveness of your overhead clear.
The overhead clear video used in class may help you with this answer
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qhe_rRJR9_Y
Homework Peer Marking Task
Instructions
Read your partners answer once.
Make a note of the key content required in your partners homework jotter.
Key Content
Intro – aim/objective of overhead clear
Explanation as to why OHC is a complex skill
Description of overhead clear
Comparison of your performance to that of a model performer at the Preparation / Action /
Recovery stages.
Summary of how this affected the effectiveness of your overhead clear.
Place a , , ? beside each bullet point to indicate if the key content is covered.
Read the example answer provided.
Compare the answer to your partners work.
Provide your partner with written feedback on their homework and colour code it
appropriately.
Homework feedback (complete as a class after peer marking)
Generally
Some improvements required
Common mistakes
Homework
Due – Friday 16th December
Task 1:
Describe in detail three practices you have used for each of the practice
methods below. The three practices you describe should gradually increase
in difficulty. You may wish to include a simple diagram.
• Shadow Practice
• Repetition Practice
• Combination Practice
Task 2
Copy the next slide on Repetition drills into your class jotter and complete
the Combination Practice slide.
Repetition Drills
Repetition practice involves setting up drills which require you to repeatedly practice a
particular part of the overhead clear or the whole technique itself.
For example our initial repetition drill involved your partner feeding the shuttle high above
you so you could play an overhead clear. At first you started in the back tramlines meaning
you didn’t have to move into position (repeatedly practiced the action + recovery phases).
As performance improved you had to move from base to the rear of the court to return the
shuttle.
During repetition practice the intention is to grove the skill. It is vital that movements are
performed repeatedly until the movement is grooved into the muscles memory.
Work to Rest Ratio
In order to groove the skill it is vital that the skill is performed repeatedly, however for
practice to be effective you need to consistently perform the skill to a high level. For this
reason it is vital to ensure adequate work to rest ratios are used. For example 10 overhead
clears would not be enough, but 30 would be to many so you would perform 3 sets of 10.
Combination Practice
Now you describe combination practice, below is a picture of the games hall white board
from Monday.