ENGL 341

• A summary of NP:
• The structure/internal components/constituents
• The determiner
• The pre/modifier
• The head
• The post-modifier
• A review of exercises

• Composed potentially of 3 structural elements:
• The head
• Modifier (m)
• Post-head (post-modifier /complement)
• This gives us the ff structure:
• M + H + Post-mod + C
• Very + good + enough + at tennis (m h post-m c)
• Extremely fond of you (m h c)
• Very thoughtful of you
• Very glad that you came
• Happy indeed
• Honest enough
• The AdjP no matter how many words form its constituents, can be replaced by a single adjective (example )

• The head of AdjP is always an adjective which is indispensible in the AdjP.
• Besides it can stand on its own
• In most cases the head functions as a modifier in an NP
• A very big house
• An interesting story
• Bad news
• The pre-modifiers in the AdjP are usually DEGREE ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc
• Items that can come after the head (post-head) are postmodifiers (good indeed, sorry enough) and complements
• The difference between a post-modifier and a complement is that the complement is controlled by the head whereas the post-modifier is not

• Post-modifiers: the intensifiers - indeed/enough
• Interesting indeed
• Sorrowful indeed
• Large/big enough
• Complements:
• Finite clauses:
• We are proud that you mad it
• They are certain that he took it
• We are angry that you shouted at us
• He is sad that you are leaving
• Non-finite clauses:
• You are clever to have made an A
• He is eager to do it
• we are sorry to hear about the accident
• He is not willing to see you
• The water is not safe to drink
• Adjectives that take non-finite clauses (kind, clever, bound, likely, foolish

• Complements:
• Prepositional phrase complements:
• Angry about the disappointment
• Concerned about our well-being
• Alarmed at the new
• Hurt by his remarks
• Full of vitality
• Kind of you
• Opposed to new things
• Fed up with the class
• Degree complements:
• More friendly than Kofi
• Easier than we thought
• Less endowed than Frank
• The smartest in the class
• The most famous of his peers

• Composed potentially of 3 element:
• A head (H)
• The pre-modifier
• The post-head: either a post-modifier or a complement
• The head is always realised by an ADVERB, which is the most important element in the group
• He arrived early
• We nearly forgot about you
• The pre-modifiers in the AdvP are usually realised by DEGREE
ADVERBS – very, quite, extremely, considerably, hardly, etc
• Items that can come after the head (post-head) are postmodifiers (fast indeed, spoken humbly enough) and complements
• AdvP modify verbs, function as adjuncts and as complements

• Examples of AdvP:
• More gently
• More gently than necessary (mhc)
• Too quickly
• Extremely slowly
• Far away from enlightenment (mhc)
• There in the afternoon (hpost-m)

• Post-modifiers: intensifying adverbs (enough/indeed)
• Fast enough
• Quickly indeed
• Greatly indeed
• Luckily enough
• Splendidly indeed
• Complements: unlike AdjPs which can be complemented by a number of elements, AdvPs are complemented minimally by ff:
• The item else
• Where else
• Why else when else how else

• He entered more boldly than his friends
• He teaches less often on Sat than on Mondays
• He came earlier than usual
• Prepositional complements
• A few adjectives can take prepositional complements:
• Similarly to from independently of, separately from, differently
ASSIGNMENT
Determine when the items (today, tomorrow, yesterday) are nouns and when they are adverbs with examples.