Organic
Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Has Carbon
4 covalent bonds
C has 4 valence e-’s
Low M.P.
tetrahedral
Slow reactors
Poor conductors
Inorganic
Organic
Contains only small
amount of Carbon (I.e.,
carbides, oxides)
Contains Carbon!!!!
Ionic or Covalent bonds
Covalent bonds
High MP, strong
intermolecular forces
EXCEPT CO2 it’s inorganic
(CHON)
Hydrocarbons contain Carbon & Hydrogen ONLY!!!!!!
Alkane
Alkene
Single bonds
One double bond
CnH2n+2
CnH2n
Ends in -ane
Ends in -ene
H H
Ex.
H- C- C- H
C2H6
Ex.
C2H4
H H
H- C=C-H
H H
Saturated
All single bonds--- ALKANES ONLY!!
Aromatic
Alkyne
Ring
1 triple bond
CnH2n-6
CnH2n-2
Benzene
Ends in -yne
Ex.
H-C=C-H
C2H2
Unsaturated
Double or triple bonds
Alkenes & Alkynes
Toluene
Naming Hydrocarbons
Prefix
1-meth
Branches
6-hex
F-fluoro-
2-eth
7-hept
Cl-chloroBr-bromo-
3-prop
8-oct
CH3- methyl
CH3CH2- ethyl
4-but
9-non
5-pent
10-dec
Steps:
Find longest chain of carbons, circle it
Name the longest chain of carbons
Look for double/triple bonds (tell where they are)
Look for branches, name, & tell where they are
Ex.
Ex. #2
H H H H
H-C- C- C- C- H
H H H H
Butane
CH3-CH2-CH2-CH-CH2-CH3
CH3
3-methyl hexane
Characteristics of Hydrocarbons: Contains only Carbon &
Hydrogen
Can be found in nature
Non polar
Can be straight chained or branched
Soluble in nonpolar solvents
Low M.P.
Non electrolytes
Carbon has 4 valence e-’s, so it makes 4 covalent bonds
Isomers
Same molecular formula
Different structural formula
Count up the atoms, put in different order
C5H12
-C-C-C-C-C-
C5H12
-C-C-C-CC
Alcohol
-OH
name ends in “ol”
Tell what C # it is on
2-pentanol
Primary- 1 C attached to C-OH
Acid
End in “oic acid”
Occurs at the end of a chain
Conduct electricity
-C
-COOH
O
OH
Secondary- 2 C attached to C-OH
Tertiary 3 C attached to C-OH
CH3COOH
Monohydroxy-1 OH
Dihydroxy-2OH (diols)
Trihydroxy- 3OH (glycerol)
Functional Groups
Table R
Ester
Occurs in the middle of a chain
-COOC-
O
-C
Draw line between single bond
O and C
Single bond side (yl)
O-C-
Double bond side (oate)
Ether
Occurs in middle of chain
CH3CH2OCH3
-C-O-C-
Functional Groups
Branch (yl)
Branch(yl)
ether
H on the carbon
Amine
Derivative of ammonia. Has
Nitrogen
Functional Groups
Name ends in –amine
Must tell what #C it’s on.
-N- Ex. CH3CH2NH2
Ketone
1- ethanamine
Occurs in the middle of a chain
CH3COCH3
No H on the carbon
O
-C-C-C-
Ends in “one”
Amide
Tell what C#
Formed when one of the H’s of the amine
react w/the OH of an acid to produce an
amide & water.
Has N and a double bonded oxygen
O
CH3CH2CH2CONH2
-C-N-H
On the end.
butanamide
Ends in amide.
Functional Groups
Aldehyde HO
ends in “al”
occurs at the end of a chain
O
-C
H
-CHO
Substitution
Addition
Substitute on atom for another
Add both atoms of the diatomic
Alkane + diatomic
Alkene + diatomic
CH4 + Cl2
CH3Cl +HCl
H
H-C-H + Cl-Cl
H
H
C2H4 + Br2
H
H-C-Cl + H-Cl
H
H
C2H4Br2
H
Br Br
C=C + Br-Br
H-C-C-H
H
H H
Types of
Organic
Reactions
Fermentation
Enzymatic reaction (zymase)
Glucose ==> ethanol + CO2
C6H12O6 ==> C2H5OH + CO2
Saponification
Fatty acid + strong base==> soap
R-COOH + NaOH ==>
O
3CH3(CH2)16- C-O-Na+
Types of
Organic
Reactions
Types of
Organic
Reactions
Polymerization
1.
Condensation: start with an alkane remove water
H H
H H
H H
H H
HO-C-C-OH + HO-C-C-OH ==> HO-C-C-O-C-C-OH+H2O
H H
2.
H H
H H
H H
Addition: start with an alkene
X(C2H4) ==> H(CH2-CH2)xH
Natural : cellulose, starch, proteins
Synthetic: nylon, polyethylene
Combustion
Oxidation or burning
CH4 + O2 ==> CO2 +H2O
Fractional Distillation
A process used to separate liquids with different B.P.’s (which is
boiled to produce a vapor that’s then condensed into a liquid).
Cracking
A controlled process by which hydrocarbons are broken
down or rearranged into smaller, more useful molecules.
Esterification
Alcohol + acid ==> ester + water
Types of
Reactions