Matakuliah : J0084 / Introduction to Management and
Business)
Tahun
: 2007
Versi
:1/3
Pertemuan 08 (Eighth Meeting)
Managing Change
and Innovation
Halaman 1
Learning Outcome
Student should be able to consider
environmental changes in order
to eliminate the impact
of change, and how to stimulate
innovation -> C3
Halaman 2
Learning Outline
• Forces for Change
• Two Views of the Change Process
• Managing Organizational Change
• Contemporary Issues in Managing Change
• Stimulating Innovation
Halaman 3
1. Forces For Change
a. External Forces
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
Marketplace
Governmental laws and regulations
Technology
Labor markets
Economic changes
Halaman 4
a. Internal Forces:
1)
2)
3)
4)
Organization’s strategy
Workforce
Equipment
Employee attitudes
Halaman 5
2. Two Views of the
Change Process
a. The Calm Waters Metaphor
b. White-Water Rapids Metaphor
Halaman 6
3. Managing Organizational Change
a. What Is Organizational Change
b. Types of Change
1) Changing Structure
Halaman 7
2) Changing Technology
Halaman 8
3) Changing People
Halaman 9
Organizational Development Techniques
Sensitivity
Training
Feedback
Survey
Team
Building
More
Effective
Interpersonal
Work
Consultation Relationship Intergroup
Process
Development
Halaman 10
c. Managing Resistance to Change
1) Why People Resist Change
a) Uncertainty
b) Habit
c) Concern over personal loss
d) Belief that the change is not in
the best organization’s interest
Halaman 11
2) Techniques for Reducing
Resistance:
a) Education and Communication
b) Participation
c) Facilitation and Support
d) Negotiation
e) Manipulation and Co-optation
f) Selecting People Who Accept
Change
g) Coercion
Halaman 12
4. Contemporary Issues in Managing Change
a. Changing Organizational Culture
1) Understanding the Situational Factors
a) A dramatic crisis occurs
b) Leadership changes hands
c) The organization is young and
small
d) The culture is weak
2) How Can Cultural Change Be Accomplished
Halaman 13
b. Handling Employee Stress
1) What Is Stress
2) Causes of Stress
3) Symptoms of Stress
Causes of
Stress
Personal
Factors
STRESS
Job-Related
Factors
4) Reducing Stress
Halaman 14
c. Making Change Happen Successfully
1) Focusing on making the organization
ready for change
2) Understanding their own role in the
process
3) Increasing the role of individual
employees
5. Stimulating Innovation
a. Creativity Versus Innovation
b. Stimulating and Nurturing Innovation
Halaman 15
Structure Variables
Organic Structure
Abundant Resources
High Inter Unit Communication
Minimal Time Pressure
Work and Non work Support
Innovation
Variables
STIMULATE
INNOVATION
Cultural Variables
Acceptance of Ambiguity
Tolerance of the Impractical
Low External Controls
Tolerance of Risks
Focus on Ends
Open System Focus
Positive Feedback
Human Resources
Variables
High Commitment to
Training and Development
High Job Security
Creative People
Halaman 16