Chapter 8/9 Overview DNA replication & Protein Synthesis I. Define: Bacteriophage, nucleotide, double helix, base pairing rules, replication, DNA polymerase, central dogma, RNA, transcription, RNA polymerase, messenger RNA, ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, translation, codon, stop codon, start codon, anticodon, promoter, operon, exon, intron, mutation, point mutation, frame shift mutation, mutagen, Chapter 9: Clone, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, plasmid, transgenic. Answer: ( 8.2) Key Concept: DNA structure is the same in all organisms. DNA is composed of four types of nucleotides. 1. In the space provided draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and arrows: MAIN IDEA: Watson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA’s Three Dimensional Structure 2. What did Rosalind Franklin’s data reveal about the structure of DNA? _____________ ________________________________________________________________________ 3. How did Watson and Crick determine the three dimensional shape of DNA? ________ ________________________________________________________________________ MAIN IDEA: Nucleotides always pair in the same way. 4. In the space provided, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone, the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds. 5. Matching: a. Adenine ALWAYS pairs with ________________ b. Guanine ALWAYS pairs with ________________ 6. Explain Erwin Chargaff’s rules for base pairing. ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ (8.3) KEY CONCEPT: DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell. Replication copies the genetic information. 7. What is DNA replication? ________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 8. Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell? ____________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 9. When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle ________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 10. Why does DNA replication NEED to occur? ________________________________ 11. What is a template? ____________________________________________________ 12. If one strand of DNA is has the sequence TAGGTAC, what would be the sequence of the complimentary DNA strand?____________________________________________ MAIN IDEA: Proteins carry out the process of replication 13. What role do proteins play in DNA replication? ______________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ 14. What must be broken for DNA strands to separate? ___________________________ 15. Summarize the steps of replication in the boxes below: Draw & Describe _______________ _______________ _______________ _________________ _________________ _________________ ____________ ____________ ____________ (8.4) KEY CONCEPT: Transcription converts a gene into a single- stranded RNA molecule. 16. Use the table below to show the differences between DNA and RNA; DNA Sugar: Deoxyribose RNA Sugar:___________________ Contains the bases: ___, ____, ____, ____ Contains the bases ____, ____, ____, ____ Double Stranded _______________ Strand MAIN IDEA: Transcription makes three types of RNA 17. What Enzyme helps a cell make a strand of RNA? ____________________________ 18. Summarize the three key steps of transcription: (1)____________________________ ________________________________________(2)_____________________________ _________________________________________(3) ____________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 19. Write the basic function of each type of RNA is the chart below: Type of RNA mRNA Function rRNA tRNA 20. List two ways that Transcription and DNA Replication are the same: *_________________________________________________________________ *_________________________________________________________________ 21. List two ways that Transcription and DNA Replication are the different: *_________________________________________________________________ *_________________________________________________________________ 22. What is stated in the central dogma? _______________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________ (8.5) KEY CONCEPT: Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide or protein MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences. 23. What is translation? ____________________________________________________ 24. What is a codon? ______________________________________________________ 25. Refer to figure 8.13 to complete the table below: Codon AGA UAG Amino Acid/ Function Tryptophan (Trp) GGA 26. The start codon is ___________, it code for the amino acid_____________________. 27. ________________ are linked to make a protein. 28. Show and describe the steps of Translation: _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ _____________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ ______________________________________ (8.7) KEY CONCEPT: Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect phenotype. Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire chromosome. 29. List two types of gene mutations____________________, ____________________ 30. List two types of chromosomal mutations________________, _________________