Chapter 8/9 Overview
DNA replication & Protein Synthesis
I. Define: Bacteriophage, nucleotide, double helix, base pairing rules, replication, DNA
polymerase, central dogma, RNA, transcription, RNA polymerase, messenger RNA,
ribosomal RNA, transfer RNA, translation, codon, stop codon, start codon, anticodon,
promoter, operon, exon, intron, mutation, point mutation, frame shift mutation, mutagen,
Chapter 9: Clone, genetic engineering, recombinant DNA, plasmid, transgenic.
Answer:
( 8.2) Key Concept: DNA structure is the same in all organisms. DNA is composed of
four types of nucleotides.
1. In the space provided draw a nucleotide and label its three parts using words and
arrows:
MAIN IDEA: Watson and Crick developed an accurate model of DNA’s Three
Dimensional Structure
2. What did Rosalind Franklin’s data reveal about the structure of DNA? _____________
________________________________________________________________________
3. How did Watson and Crick determine the three dimensional shape of DNA? ________
________________________________________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Nucleotides always pair in the same way.
4. In the space provided, draw a DNA double helix. Label the sugar-phosphate backbone,
the nitrogen-containing bases, and the hydrogen bonds.
5. Matching:
a. Adenine ALWAYS pairs with ________________
b. Guanine ALWAYS pairs with ________________
6. Explain Erwin Chargaff’s rules for base pairing. ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(8.3) KEY CONCEPT: DNA replication copies the genetic information of a cell.
Replication copies the genetic information.
7. What is DNA replication? ________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
8. Where does DNA replication take place in a eukaryotic cell? ____________________
________________________________________________________________________
9. When is DNA replicated during the cell cycle ________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
10. Why does DNA replication NEED to occur? ________________________________
11. What is a template? ____________________________________________________
12. If one strand of DNA is has the sequence TAGGTAC, what would be the sequence of
the complimentary DNA strand?____________________________________________
MAIN IDEA: Proteins carry out the process of replication
13. What role do proteins play in DNA replication? ______________________________
________________________________________________________________________
14. What must be broken for DNA strands to separate? ___________________________
15. Summarize the steps of replication in the boxes below: Draw & Describe
_______________
_______________
_______________
_________________
_________________
_________________
____________
____________
____________
(8.4) KEY CONCEPT: Transcription converts a gene into a single- stranded RNA
molecule.
16. Use the table below to show the differences between DNA and RNA;
DNA
Sugar: Deoxyribose
RNA
Sugar:___________________
Contains the bases: ___, ____, ____, ____
Contains the bases ____, ____, ____, ____
Double Stranded
_______________ Strand
MAIN IDEA: Transcription makes three types of RNA
17. What Enzyme helps a cell make a strand of RNA? ____________________________
18. Summarize the three key steps of transcription: (1)____________________________
________________________________________(2)_____________________________
_________________________________________(3) ____________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
19. Write the basic function of each type of RNA is the chart below:
Type of RNA
mRNA
Function
rRNA
tRNA
20. List two ways that Transcription and DNA Replication are the same:
*_________________________________________________________________
*_________________________________________________________________
21. List two ways that Transcription and DNA Replication are the different:
*_________________________________________________________________
*_________________________________________________________________
22. What is stated in the central dogma? _______________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
(8.5) KEY CONCEPT: Translation converts an mRNA message into a polypeptide
or protein
MAIN IDEA: Amino acids are coded by mRNA base sequences.
23. What is translation? ____________________________________________________
24. What is a codon? ______________________________________________________
25. Refer to figure 8.13 to complete the table below:
Codon
AGA
UAG
Amino Acid/ Function
Tryptophan (Trp)
GGA
26. The start codon is ___________, it code for the amino acid_____________________.
27. ________________ are linked to make a protein.
28. Show and describe the steps of Translation:
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
_____________________________________
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(8.7) KEY CONCEPT: Mutations are changes in DNA that may or may not affect
phenotype. Some mutations affect a single gene, while others affect an entire
chromosome.
29. List two types of gene mutations____________________, ____________________
30. List two types of chromosomal mutations________________, _________________