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Biology:
life study of
What is Life?
Properties of Life
Cellular Structure: the unit of life, one or many
Metabolism: photosynthesis, respiration, fermentation,
digestion, gas exchange, secretion, excretion,
circulation--processing materials and energy
Growth: cell enlargement, cell number
Movement: intracellular, movement, locomotion
Reproduction: avoid extinction at death
Behavior: short term response to stimuli
Evolution: long term adaptation
http://www.casarioblanco.com/poison-dart-frog.jpg
http://aichlee.files.wordpress.com/2009/02/blue-bird-of-paradise.jpg
Obtaining Food
Heterotrophs need to
feed on other organisms, their byproducts, or their dead bodies to survive
Heterotrophic Organisms
Herbivores: feed directly upon producers
Carnivores: feed directly upon herbivores or other carnivores
Omnivores: feed upon both producers and consumers
Parasites: feed upon living organisms causing disease
Saprobes: feed upon by-products and/or dead bodies aka detritivore
Food is required as fuel for respiration:
Cytosolic Glycolysis:
sugars to pyruvate
Mitochondrial Matrix Krebs Cycle:
pyruvate to CO2 and NADH
Mitochondrial Cristae ETS/Oxidative Phosphorylation:
NADH and O2 to H2O and ADP + Pi to ATP
The feeding of Paramecium itself is internal digestion:
oral groove (alveolus)
cytopharynx
(mouth)
cilia movement
capture
contractile
vacuole
waste
endocytosis
elimination
(phagocytosis)
exocytosis
(anal pore)
food
vacuole
contractile
vacuole
enzymatic
digestion
subunit
absorption
micronucleus
macronucleus
Intracellular food digestion:
Golgi
lysosome
enzymes
endoplasmic
reticulum
subunits
waste
exocytosis
phagocytosis
food vacuole
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
digestive vacuole
phagocytosis of food
food vacuole formation
lysosome + food vacuole = digestive vacuole
enzymatic digestion of food
absorption of subunits
exocytosis of waste
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
Earthworms also have a tubular digestive system
Earthworms also have a tubular digestive system
subunit
uptake
enzymatic
digestion
intake
muscular grinding
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
waste
elimination
A look inside the digestive system:
• Mandibles chop food sideways
• Stomach holds food, grinds food
• Digestive gland injects enzymes
• Intestine absorbs subunits
• Rectum dehydrates wastes
• Anus ejects fecal pellet
http://www.life.umd.edu/entm/shultzlab/snodgrass/Lecture1/Figure1-8.gif
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/jpitocch/genbios/33-33-InsectAnatomy-L.gif
She has a diverticulum to hold
the blood meal for later use.
She lives for 4-5 days on this
one blood meal.
The blood protein is used for
laying a “raft” of eggs in water.
piercing stylet
This female mosquito has sensory
organs to locate the victim animal
(thermal, CO2) and it’s blood
vessels (octenol).
She also has a stylet to pierce into
an animal’s circulation system.
©1996 Norton Presentation Maker, W. W. Norton & Company
http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg