The Immune System

aka: germs- these cause infectious diseases

Helps your body create antibodies

attach to, and kill, specific pathogens

A reaction to something that is not dangerous (i.e. pollen)

"flag" for the immune system

"eats" and destroys pathogen

medicine to help fight pathogens

cells, tissue, and organs that fight to defend our bodies

deadly disease that can hide from your immune system

first line of defense against pathogens

Barriers to prevent pathogens getting in the body

Non-specific response

Immune Response (B cells and T cells)

Swelling, fever, WBC rush to the area

Balanced or healthy

Living Pathogen that can be killed by antibiotics

Non-living pathogen

caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites. Passed from individual to another

process which breaks down tissue/organs over time

any nutrient bases disease that causes human illnesses

when chemical reactions in the body disrupt metabolism

when the body produces antibodies against itself=> destruction of tissue

any abnormal growth in the body (Malignant-bad) (Benign-good/okay)

a mental disorder; mental pattern that causes impairment of personal functions

Direct or Indirect Contact

Study of disease in population

The number of people that one sick person will affect (on Average)

Mechanisms that protect against various invader; Respond immediately to protect body from foreign materials

specific defense is needed for each type of invader (Immune System)

Skin, Stomach Mucosa, Saliva, Mucus, and Cilia & Nasal hairs

Engulfs foreign materials into a vacuole, enzymes from lysosomes digest material

Can kill cancer cells, destroy virus-infected cells, Release perforins

chemicals that for holes in cell membranes

Activated when they encounter and attach to cells, damage foreign cell surfaces

proteins secreted by virus infected cells, bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit virus binding

Triggered when body tissues are injured, injured cells release Histamine and Kinins, "Four Cardinal Signals," Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing

Prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets the stage for repair

Abnormally high body temperature

Skin, Stomach lining, Mucus, Saliva(spit), Lacrimal Fluid (Tears), Ear Wax

Macrophage Cells, Natural Killer Cells, Complement Proteins, Interferon, Inflammatory Response, Fever

Any substance that can excite the Immune System and provoking an immune response

Any chemical group or molecule that disturbs an individual's homeostatic balance.

Immune system.

Recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances

Not restricted to the initial infection site ("moves with the infection")

Recognize and mount stronger attacks in previously encountered pathogens

Become immunocompetent in the BONE MARROW

Become immunocompetent in the THYMUS

Remove pathogens and cells debris by phagocytosis (able to leave blood stream)

Antibody mediated immunity, cells produce chemicals for defense

Cell mediated immunity, cells target virus infected cell

1). B cells with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen 2). Activates the B cell to replicate 3). Most B cells become plasma cells 4). Some B cells become long lived memory cells

- First exposure - Peaks in about 10 days - Produces memory cells.

- 2nd and Later exposure(s) - Peaks 2-3 days - Higher levels of antibodies are produced - Produces new memory cells

B cells encounter antigens and produce(s) antibodies & memory cells

Occurs after first exposure to an antigen

"Vaccination"

Antibodies are obtained from someone else (Protection provided by "borrowed antibodies") (No memory cells produced) (lasts 2-3 weeks)

From a mother-->her fetus

from gamma globulins

4 Amino acid chains, 2 Identical heavy chains, 2 Light chains (Create specific antigen- Binding sites)

Complement fixation, Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation

Macrophages present antigens to a T cell

Specialize in killing infected cells (Inserts a Perforin, a toxic chemical, and rupture cell membranes)

Recruit other cells to fight the invaders (produce & release cytokines)

Release chemicals to suppress

T cells that remember

Autografts, Isografts, Allografts, Xenografts

tissue transplante from one place to another (same person)

tissue grafts from an identical person (twin)

tissue taken from an unrelated person

Tissue taken from a different animal species

abnormally high immune responses

Immediate & Delayed Sensitivity

triggered by histamine from lgE binding to mast cells

dangerous, systemic response (allergen directly enters blood)

triggered by lymphokines from Helper T cells

function of immune cells is abnormal (AIDS)

When the immune system has antibodies to attack itself

destroys joints

destroys pancreatic cells that make insulin

white matter of brain and spinal cord destroyed

Affects kidneys, heart, lungs and skin