2019-04-11T17:55:48+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Pathogen, Vaccination, Antibodies, Allergies, Antigen, White blood cell, Antibiotic, Immune system, HIV and AIDS, Epidermis, First Line of Defense, Second Line of Defense, Third line of Defense, Inflammatory response, Homeostasis, Bacteria, Virus, infectious disease, degenerative disease, nutritional disease, metabolic disease, immune disease, neoplasm disease, psychiatric disease, Mode of Transmission, Epidemiology, Reproduction Number, Nonspecific/ Innate Defense System, Specific/ Adaptive Defense System, Surface membrane barriers (First Line of Defense), Macrophages (Second Line of Defense), Killer Cells (Second Line of Defense), Perforins, Compliment Proteins (Second Line of Defense), Interferon (Second Line of Defense), Inflammatory response (Second Line of Defense), Inflammatory response (Functions), Fever (Second Line of Defense), 1'st Line of Defense (Summary), 2'nd Line of Defense (Summary), Non-Self Antigen, Self Antigens, Adaptive (Specific) Defense [Third Line of Defense], Antigen Specific, Systemic, Memory Cells, Lymphocytes (B cells), Lymphocytes (T cells), Macrophages, Humoral Immunity (B cells), Cellular Immunity (T cells), Humoral Immune Response, Primary Response, Secondary Response, Active Immunity, Naturally acquired (active immunity), Artificially acquired (active immunity), Passive Immunity, Naturally acquired (passive immunity), Artificially acquired (passive immunity), Antibodies (Immunoglobulins-->Igs), Antibody functions, Cellular (Cell-mediated) immune Response, Cytotoxic T cell, Helper T cells, Regulatory (suppressor) cells, Memory T Cells, Types of Grafts, Autograft, isograft, Allograft, Xenograft, Allergies (Hypersensitivity), Types of allergies, Immediate hypersensitivity, Anaphylactic Shock, Delayed hypersensitivity, Immunodeficiencies, Autoimmune disease, Rheumatoid Arthritis, Type 1 Diabetes, Multiple Sclerosis, Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE) flashcards
The Immune System

The Immune System

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  • Pathogen
    aka: germs- these cause infectious diseases
  • Vaccination
    Helps your body create antibodies
  • Antibodies
    attach to, and kill, specific pathogens
  • Allergies
    A reaction to something that is not dangerous (i.e. pollen)
  • Antigen
    "flag" for the immune system
  • White blood cell
    "eats" and destroys pathogen
  • Antibiotic
    medicine to help fight pathogens
  • Immune system
    cells, tissue, and organs that fight to defend our bodies
  • HIV and AIDS
    deadly disease that can hide from your immune system
  • Epidermis
    first line of defense against pathogens
  • First Line of Defense
    Barriers to prevent pathogens getting in the body
  • Second Line of Defense
    Non-specific response
  • Third line of Defense
    Immune Response (B cells and T cells)
  • Inflammatory response
    Swelling, fever, WBC rush to the area
  • Homeostasis
    Balanced or healthy
  • Bacteria
    Living Pathogen that can be killed by antibiotics
  • Virus
    Non-living pathogen
  • infectious disease
    caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites. Passed from individual to another
  • degenerative disease
    process which breaks down tissue/organs over time
  • nutritional disease
    any nutrient bases disease that causes human illnesses
  • metabolic disease
    when chemical reactions in the body disrupt metabolism
  • immune disease
    when the body produces antibodies against itself=> destruction of tissue
  • neoplasm disease
    any abnormal growth in the body (Malignant-bad) (Benign-good/okay)
  • psychiatric disease
    a mental disorder; mental pattern that causes impairment of personal functions
  • Mode of Transmission
    Direct or Indirect Contact
  • Epidemiology
    Study of disease in population
  • Reproduction Number
    The number of people that one sick person will affect (on Average)
  • Nonspecific/ Innate Defense System
    Mechanisms that protect against various invader; Respond immediately to protect body from foreign materials
  • Specific/ Adaptive Defense System
    specific defense is needed for each type of invader (Immune System)
  • Surface membrane barriers (First Line of Defense)
    Skin, Stomach Mucosa, Saliva, Mucus, and Cilia & Nasal hairs
  • Macrophages (Second Line of Defense)
    Engulfs foreign materials into a vacuole, enzymes from lysosomes digest material
  • Killer Cells (Second Line of Defense)
    Can kill cancer cells, destroy virus-infected cells, Release perforins
  • Perforins
    chemicals that for holes in cell membranes
  • Compliment Proteins (Second Line of Defense)
    Activated when they encounter and attach to cells, damage foreign cell surfaces
  • Interferon (Second Line of Defense)
    proteins secreted by virus infected cells, bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit virus binding
  • Inflammatory response (Second Line of Defense)
    Triggered when body tissues are injured, injured cells release Histamine and Kinins, "Four Cardinal Signals," Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing
  • Inflammatory response (Functions)
    Prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets the stage for repair
  • Fever (Second Line of Defense)
    Abnormally high body temperature
  • 1'st Line of Defense (Summary)
    Skin, Stomach lining, Mucus, Saliva(spit), Lacrimal Fluid (Tears), Ear Wax
  • 2'nd Line of Defense (Summary)
    Macrophage Cells, Natural Killer Cells, Complement Proteins, Interferon, Inflammatory Response, Fever
  • Non-Self Antigen
    Any substance that can excite the Immune System and provoking an immune response
  • Self Antigens
    Any chemical group or molecule that disturbs an individual's homeostatic balance.
  • Adaptive (Specific) Defense [Third Line of Defense]
    Immune system.
  • Antigen Specific
    Recognizes and acts against particular foreign substances
  • Systemic
    Not restricted to the initial infection site ("moves with the infection")
  • Memory Cells
    Recognize and mount stronger attacks in previously encountered pathogens
  • Lymphocytes (B cells)
    Become immunocompetent in the BONE MARROW
  • Lymphocytes (T cells)
    Become immunocompetent in the THYMUS
  • Macrophages
    Remove pathogens and cells debris by phagocytosis (able to leave blood stream)
  • Humoral Immunity (B cells)
    Antibody mediated immunity, cells produce chemicals for defense
  • Cellular Immunity (T cells)
    Cell mediated immunity, cells target virus infected cell
  • Humoral Immune Response
    1). B cells with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen 2). Activates the B cell to replicate 3). Most B cells become plasma cells 4). Some B cells become long lived memory cells
  • Primary Response
    - First exposure - Peaks in about 10 days - Produces memory cells.
  • Secondary Response
    - 2nd and Later exposure(s) - Peaks 2-3 days - Higher levels of antibodies are produced - Produces new memory cells
  • Active Immunity
    B cells encounter antigens and produce(s) antibodies & memory cells
  • Naturally acquired (active immunity)
    Occurs after first exposure to an antigen
  • Artificially acquired (active immunity)
    "Vaccination"
  • Passive Immunity
    Antibodies are obtained from someone else (Protection provided by "borrowed antibodies") (No memory cells produced) (lasts 2-3 weeks)
  • Naturally acquired (passive immunity)
    From a mother-->her fetus
  • Artificially acquired (passive immunity)
    from gamma globulins
  • Antibodies (Immunoglobulins-->Igs)
    4 Amino acid chains, 2 Identical heavy chains, 2 Light chains (Create specific antigen- Binding sites)
  • Antibody functions
    Complement fixation, Neutralization, Agglutination, Precipitation
  • Cellular (Cell-mediated) immune Response
    Macrophages present antigens to a T cell
  • Cytotoxic T cell
    Specialize in killing infected cells (Inserts a Perforin, a toxic chemical, and rupture cell membranes)
  • Helper T cells
    Recruit other cells to fight the invaders (produce & release cytokines)
  • Regulatory (suppressor) cells
    Release chemicals to suppress
  • Memory T Cells
    T cells that remember
  • Types of Grafts
    Autografts, Isografts, Allografts, Xenografts
  • Autograft
    tissue transplante from one place to another (same person)
  • isograft
    tissue grafts from an identical person (twin)
  • Allograft
    tissue taken from an unrelated person
  • Xenograft
    Tissue taken from a different animal species
  • Allergies (Hypersensitivity)
    abnormally high immune responses
  • Types of allergies
    Immediate & Delayed Sensitivity
  • Immediate hypersensitivity
    triggered by histamine from lgE binding to mast cells
  • Anaphylactic Shock
    dangerous, systemic response (allergen directly enters blood)
  • Delayed hypersensitivity
    triggered by lymphokines from Helper T cells
  • Immunodeficiencies
    function of immune cells is abnormal (AIDS)
  • Autoimmune disease
    When the immune system has antibodies to attack itself
  • Rheumatoid Arthritis
    destroys joints
  • Type 1 Diabetes
    destroys pancreatic cells that make insulin
  • Multiple Sclerosis
    white matter of brain and spinal cord destroyed
  • Systemic Lupus erythematosus (SLE)
    Affects kidneys, heart, lungs and skin