A reaction to something that is not dangerous (i.e. pollen)
Antigen
"flag" for the immune system
White blood cell
"eats" and destroys pathogen
Antibiotic
medicine to help fight pathogens
Immune system
cells, tissue, and organs that fight to defend our bodies
HIV and AIDS
deadly disease that can hide from your immune system
Epidermis
first line of defense against pathogens
First Line of Defense
Barriers to prevent pathogens getting in the body
Second Line of Defense
Non-specific response
Third line of Defense
Immune Response (B cells and T cells)
Inflammatory response
Swelling, fever, WBC rush to the area
Homeostasis
Balanced or healthy
Bacteria
Living Pathogen that can be killed by antibiotics
Virus
Non-living pathogen
infectious disease
caused by bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites. Passed from individual to another
degenerative disease
process which breaks down tissue/organs over time
nutritional disease
any nutrient bases disease that causes human illnesses
metabolic disease
when chemical reactions in the body disrupt metabolism
immune disease
when the body produces antibodies against itself=> destruction of tissue
neoplasm disease
any abnormal growth in the body (Malignant-bad) (Benign-good/okay)
psychiatric disease
a mental disorder; mental pattern that causes impairment of personal functions
Mode of Transmission
Direct or Indirect Contact
Epidemiology
Study of disease in population
Reproduction Number
The number of people that one sick person will affect (on Average)
Nonspecific/ Innate Defense System
Mechanisms that protect against various invader; Respond immediately to protect body from foreign materials
Specific/ Adaptive Defense System
specific defense is needed for each type of invader (Immune System)
Surface membrane barriers (First Line of Defense)
Skin, Stomach Mucosa, Saliva, Mucus, and Cilia & Nasal hairs
Macrophages (Second Line of Defense)
Engulfs foreign materials into a vacuole, enzymes from lysosomes digest material
Killer Cells (Second Line of Defense)
Can kill cancer cells, destroy virus-infected cells, Release perforins
Perforins
chemicals that for holes in cell membranes
Compliment Proteins (Second Line of Defense)
Activated when they encounter and attach to cells, damage foreign cell surfaces
Interferon (Second Line of Defense)
proteins secreted by virus infected cells, bind to healthy cell surfaces to inhibit virus binding
Inflammatory response (Second Line of Defense)
Triggered when body tissues are injured, injured cells release Histamine and Kinins, "Four Cardinal Signals," Results in a chain of events leading to protection and healing
Inflammatory response (Functions)
Prevents spread of damaging agents, disposes of cell debris and pathogens, sets the stage for repair
1). B cells with specific receptors bind to a specific antigen 2). Activates the B cell to replicate
3). Most B cells become plasma cells
4). Some B cells become long lived memory cells
Primary Response
- First exposure - Peaks in about 10 days
- Produces memory cells.
Secondary Response
- 2nd and Later exposure(s) - Peaks 2-3 days
- Higher levels of antibodies are produced
- Produces new memory cells
Active Immunity
B cells encounter antigens and produce(s) antibodies & memory cells
Naturally acquired (active immunity)
Occurs after first exposure to an antigen
Artificially acquired (active immunity)
"Vaccination"
Passive Immunity
Antibodies are obtained from someone else (Protection provided by "borrowed antibodies")
(No memory cells produced)
(lasts 2-3 weeks)
Naturally acquired (passive immunity)
From a mother-->her fetus
Artificially acquired (passive immunity)
from gamma globulins
Antibodies (Immunoglobulins-->Igs)
4 Amino acid chains, 2 Identical heavy chains, 2 Light chains (Create specific antigen- Binding sites)