Gianna Pagliotti-
what is deviance?
Behavior that violates the standards of conduct or expectations of a group or society
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social control
the techniques and strategies for preventing deviant human behavior in any society
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conformity
going along with peers---individuals of our own status who have no special right to direct our behavior
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obedience
compliance with higher authorities in a hierarchical structure
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what is the difference between conformity and obedience?
conformity is changing ones behavior to align with a group or social norm and obedience is following the commands of an authority figure
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Replications of Milgram's classic experiment
even with modern ethical considerations, a significant proportion of participants still demonstrate high levels of obedience to authority figures
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informal social control
social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through laughter, smiles, and ridicule
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how do social norms relate to deviance?
highlighting the boundaries of acceptable behavior within a society and often playing a key role in social evolution
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how do humans lead how to behave in social situations?
humans learn how to behave in social situations through a dynamic and lifelong process of observing, interacting, and adapting to the norms and expectations of their social and cultural environments.
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the concept of differential association introduced by Edwin Sutherland
violation of rules results from exposure to attitudes favorable to criminal acts
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functionalist view of deviance
a common part of human existence, with positive as well as negative consequences for social stability
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anomie
the loss of direction felt in society when social control of individual behavior has become in effective
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Robert Merton's anomie theory of deviance
an adaption of socially prescribed goals or of the means governing their attainment, or both
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Social disorganization theory
crime and deviance are caused by the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions
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racial profiling
any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than on a persons behavior
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differential justice
differences in the way social control is exercised over different groups
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theoretical approaches to deviance
aim to explain why individuals or groups violate social norms and how societies respond to such behavior
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professional criminal
a person who pursues crime as a day-to-day occupation, developing skilled techniques and enjoying a certain degree of status among other criminals
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organized crime
the work of a group that regulates relations between criminal enterprises involved in illegal activities, including prostitution, gambling, and the smuggling and sale of illegal drugs.
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white-collar crime
illegal acts committed by affluent, "respectable" indivduals in the course of business activies
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cybercrime
illegal activity primarily conducted through the use of computer hardware or software
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hate crime
a criminal offense committed because of the offenders bias against race, religion, ethnic group, national origin, or sexual orientation
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social inequality
a condition in which members of society have differing amounts of wealth, prestige, or power
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social stratification
structured ranking of entire group of people that perpetuates unequal economic rewards and power in a society
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slavery
a system of enforced servitude in which some people are owned by other people
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what dictates the ranks in a caste system?
by rigid and hereditary social stratification
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class systems
a social ranking based primarily on economic position in which achieved characteristics can influence social mobility
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characteristics of the class system
a form of social stratification that organizes society into different groups based on economic, social, and political factors
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what the differences between the upper and lower classes in the United States?
wealth and income, occupation, education, lifestyle, health and healthcare access
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what are the differences between the upper-middle class and the lower-middle class?
income, occupation, education, and social influence
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Marx's view on class differentiation
a differentiation as a product of economic relationships particulary under capitalism. The division between the bourgeoisie and proletariat leads to systemic inequality, exploitation, and alienation. Marx believed that class conflict was the driving force of historical change and envisioned a revolution that would eliminate class divisions, creating a classless society.
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according to Blank______, increases in crime and deviance can be attributed to the absence or breakdown of communal relationships and social institutions.
social disorganization theory
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which sociological perspective points out that the U.S. criminal code outlaws marijuana because of its harmful effects, yet cigarettes and alcohol—also producing harmful effects—are sold everywhere?
conflict perspective
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marx examined social relations within the _____ system, an economic system in which the means of production are in private hands, and the main incentive is the accumulation of profits.
capitalist
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in Max Weber's view, social stratification is driven by Blank______.
class, status, and power
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what is the term for the kind of vertical social mobility that involves children and their parents?
intergenerational mobility
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Which statements fit the ideas described in social disorganization theory?
-when communal relationships break down, crime and deviance tend to increase
- social problems increase when neighborhoods have deteriorating buildings and declining populations
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a woman who works as a teacher's aide for years but eventually becomes superintendent of the school district experiences ______ social mobility.
intragenerational
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which statement best describes conflict theorists' views on lawmaking?
Lawmaking is an attempt by people in power to force their norms and values on others.
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what is the term for an economic system in which the means of production are held largely in private hands and the main incentive for economic activity is the accumulation of profits?
capitalism
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Max Weber identified distinct components of stratification. Which of the following are the components?
-class
-status
-power
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______ mobility involves changes in the social position of children relative to their parents.
Intergenerational
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What is the term for the type of vertical social mobility that occurs in a person's lifetime?
intragenerational mobility
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Wakana put her hair into a ponytail to match her friend's new look. Curtis took out the garbage as his mother asked. Darlene avoided cutting across the lawn; there was a "Keep off the grass" sign. Edwin did not speed while driving to work; he did not want a ticket.
Which individual is conforming?
Wakana
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The social psychologist Blank______ made a useful distinction between conformity and obedience.
Stanley Milgram
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Functionalists note that deviance creates both _____ and ______ consequences for social stability.
positive; negative
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What did Émile Durkheim claim as an important function of punishing deviants?
It helps define acceptable behavior and thus contributes to social stability.
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The term differential justice can best be defined as ______.
the type of treatment that different races, ethnic groups, or social classes receive from the criminal justice system
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Karl Marx's main focus was on ______.
the effects social inequality had on all aspects of society
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What was Karl Marx's main focus with respect to stratification in nineteenth-century Europe?
the effects of economic inequality
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true or false. Weber agreed with Marx that the action of individuals and groups could be understood solely in economic terms.
false
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Max Weber holds that a person devotes more energy and resources to the necessities of life when the person ______.
occupies a lower social position
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Émile Durkheim used the term ______ to describe the loss of direction felt by individuals in a society when social control of individual behavior has become ineffective.
anomie
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Recruits who enter military service typically ______ to the habits and language of other recruits and ______ the orders of superior officers.
conform; obey
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The sociologist Edwin Sutherland used the term ______ for when people violate laws after being exposed to attitudes that are favorable to violation of the law.
differential association
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What is the term for rights or immunities granted to people as a particular benefit simply because they are White?
White privilege
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Which of the following are examples of advantages Peggy McIntosh found to be associated with White privilege?
-browsing freely in stores
-being around people of the same race
-cashing checks without suspicion
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Which theory would hold the view that those in the majority use economic exploitation to perpetuate racial inequality?
conflict
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We as a society tend to focus on discriminatory issues, such as income disparities or fewer women represented in management positions, rather than on the other, often overlooked, side of those discriminatory practices, which is:
privileges of the dominant group
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Peggy McIntosh found that White privilege meant what?
White people's achievements are seen as personal achievements, not the achievements of an entire race.
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A local women's shelter hosts a fundraising effort in which they set up a table in front of the big grocery store for a weekend. A volunteer speaks to people entering or exiting the store about the services they offer and solicits donations. On Saturday, Martha, a White volunteer, runs the table. On Sunday, Connie, a Black volunteer, runs the table.
Which scenario exemplifies White privilege?
On Sunday, the store manager received a dozen complaints about a "beggar" in front of the store, but he received none on Saturday.
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What sociological perspective emphasizes that cooperative interracial contacts can reduce hostility?
labeling theorist
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Which theory would hold the view that those in the majority use economic exploitation to perpetuate racial inequality?
conflict
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What is the term for any arbitrary action initiated by an authority based on race, ethnicity, or national origin rather than a person's behavior?
racial profiling
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The term used to refer to a group of people set apart from others by obvious physical differences is a ____ group.
racial
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Because race is a social construction, the process of defining races is ______.
beneficial to those with power and privilege
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Three sociological perspectives on race and ethnicity view the issue from a macro level. Which perspective views the problems on a micro level?
interactionists
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What is one limitation of the exploitation theory, according to its critics?
It is too limited to explain the many forms of prejudice.
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According to interactionist theorists, prejudice and discrimination ______.
-can be overcome with increasing contact between individuals from dominant and subordinate groups
-can be overcome with the establishment of interracial coalitions
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According to the functionalist perspective of race and ethnicity, the dominant group that practices discrimination ______.
discourages the subordinate minority from attempting to question its lowly status
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Which group is the largest group of racial minorities in the United States?
African Americans
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the 2 classes Karl Marx identified in the capitalist economic system
bourgeoisie and proletariat
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Weber definition of class
a group of people who have a similar level of wealth and income
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characteristics of status
people who have the same lifestyle, independent of their class positions
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Weber definition of power
the ability to exercise ones will over others
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Kingsley Davis & Wilbert Moore's functionalist view of stratification
social inequality is necessary so that people will be motivated to fill functionally important positions
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three major perspectives on social stratification
functionalist, conflict theory, and symbolic interactionism
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Gerhard Lenskis theory of stratification
economic systems change as their level of technology becomes more complex, beginning with hunting and gathering and culminating eventually with industrial society
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objective method of measuring social class
a technique for measuring social class that assigns individuals to classes on the basis of criteria such as occupation, education, income,
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gender and occupational prestige
refer to the relationship between an individuals gender and the social value or status attached to their occupation
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income disparity in the United States
the significant and growing gap between the wealthiest individuals and families and the rest of the population
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absolute poverty
a minimum level of subsistence that no family should be expected to live below
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concept of social mobility
movement of individuals or groups from one position in a society stratification system to another
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open stratification system
positions of each individual is influenced by their achieved status
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closed stratification system
there is little or no possibility of individual social mobility
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vertical mobility
movement of an individual from one social position to another of a different rank
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horizontal mobility
movement of an individual from one social position to another of the same rank
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racial group
a group that is set apart from others because of physical differences that have taken on social significance
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racial formation
a sociohistorical process in which racial categories are created, inhabited, transformed, and destroyed
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process of social construction of race
refers to the process by which society defines and categorizes people based on skin, color, facial features, or hair
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ethnic group
a group that is set apart from others primarily because its national origin or distinctive cultural patterns
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history of Native Americans
characterized by the experience of colonization, forced displacement, assimilation policies, and the ongoing struggle for self-determination
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the groups of Asian Pacific Americans that lived in the United States
Chinese, Asian indians, Filipino, Vietnamese, Korean, Japanese, Arab
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the largest Asian subgroup in the United States
the Chinese population
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history and culture of Arab Americans
marked by early immigration waves primarily from Lebanon and Syria, often driven by economic hardship and political instability, where they faced challenges like discrimination and assimilation pressures, particularly after the 1970s due to the Arab-Israeli conflict, while maintaining strong cultural elements like family values, religious diversity (including both Christian and Muslim communities), and cuisine
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history and culture of Jewish Americans
examines the social patterns, structures, and cultural practices of Jewish people within the United States, focusing on aspects like religious observance, community dynamics, immigration waves, assimilation, discrimination, and the impact of major historical events like the Holocaust
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dynamics of prejudice
a negative attitude toward an entire category of people, often an ethnic or racial minority
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ethnocentrism
the tendency to assume that ones own culture and way of life represent the norm of are superior to all others
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racism
the belief that one race is supreme and all others are innately inferior
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stereotypes
an unreliable generalization about all members of a group that does not recognize individual differences within the group
