2019-04-18T13:04:44+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Scientific Revolution Events leading to the scientific revolution, scholasticism, Copernicus, Brahe, Kepler, Principia, Issac Newton, Galileo, Bacon, Descartes, Pascal, Hobbes, leviathan, absolutism, Locke, Social Contract, Two Treatises on Government, tabula rasa, immanuel kant, philosophes, voltaire, Montesquieu, Checks and Balances, diderot, Rousseau, general will, Beccaria, Hume, Adam Smith, salons, Wollstonecraft, Enlightened Absolutist, Junkers, Frederick William, Frederick I, frederick the great, Maria Theresa, War of the Austrian Succession, Pragmatic Sanction, Diplomatic Revolution, seven years war, Ivan the Terrible, Romanov, Peter the Great, Catherine the Great, Walpole, Tories, Whigs, Edmund Burke, Louis XV, parlements, Theories, Ptolemy wrote about..., galileo galilei, Nicholas Copernicus, John Locke, baron de montesquieu, voltaire, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, Balance of Power Theory, Mercantilism, geocentric theory, Ptolemy, Scientific Revolution, heliocentric theory, Galileo, scientific method, Johannes Kepler, rene descartes, isaac newton, heliocentrism, reason, natural rights, constitutional monarch, absolute power, legacy of enlightenment, leviathan, intolerance, satire, The social contract, Quote by Voltaire., secular, heliocentric, geocentric, Sir Isaac Newton, Law of Gravity flashcards
Scientific Revolution

Scientific Revolution

Customize
collection saved
Share
Long Term Learning Spaced Repetition
Add to Long Term Learning Desk
Fast learning Repeat this set of flashcards
Preview Test Spell
Play
Match
Review
  • Scientific Revolution Events leading to the scientific revolution
    1. Discovery of the New World 2. Invention of the Printing Press 3. Rivalry among Nation-States 4. Reformation 5. Renaissance Humanism
  • scholasticism
    A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.
  • Copernicus
    Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe
  • Brahe
    Amassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory.
  • Kepler
    German astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy, he formulated three laws to describe how the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.
  • Principia
    Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.
  • Issac Newton
    British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"
  • Galileo
    Florentine scientist that designed telescope, placed under house arrest by pope for revolutionary astronomical theories
  • Bacon
    English statesman and philosopher precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)
  • Descartes
    Wrote Discourse on Method. Believed in Cartesian Dualism where the body can be doubted, but the mind can't so the two must be radically different. Used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) to come to conclusions.
  • Pascal
    French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)
  • Hobbes
    English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote Leviathan
  • leviathan
    expressed the views that all men were naturally selfish and wicked
  • absolutism
    The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.
  • Locke
    English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)
  • Social Contract
    An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 1…
  • Two Treatises on Government
    Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was…
  • tabula rasa
    John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.
  • immanuel kant
    (1724-1804) German philosopher who thought that the mind comes into the world with certain inborn assumptions or predilections with which it molds experience.
  • philosophes
    social critics in france
  • voltaire
    used satire against opponents, (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
  • Montesquieu
    French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755), wrote spirit of laws
  • Checks and Balances
    Not wanting any ONE branch to get too powerful, the Founding Fathers gave each branch certain ways to limit the power of the other two.
  • diderot
    created the encyclopedia
  • Rousseau
    (1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract
  • general will
    According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.
  • Beccaria
    (1738-1794) wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature
  • Hume
    Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)
  • Adam Smith
    Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790), wrote "wealth of Nations"
  • salons
    philosophies would meet
  • Wollstonecraft
    English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"
  • Enlightened Absolutist
    Absolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control
  • Junkers
    Prussian officers who were from noble Prussian families. Promoted on merit rather than wealth or social standing
  • Frederick William
    Known as the Great Elector, this man was the first Hohenzollern leader, to move toward absolute monarchy and built a militaristic state in Prussia/ Brandenburg.
  • Frederick I
    son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)
  • frederick the great
    (1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress.
  • Maria Theresa
    (r. 1740-1780) maintained her throne by giving Hungary Magyars prominence, reorganized army, promoted commerce and agriculture
  • War of the Austrian Succession
    Prussian and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides
  • Pragmatic Sanction
    Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.
  • Diplomatic Revolution
    the time of changing alliances between the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain
  • seven years war
    another name for the french and indian war
  • Ivan the Terrible
    first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war
  • Romanov
    the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917
  • Peter the Great
    First czar of Russia and a member of the Romanov Family. (r. 1689-1725)
  • Catherine the Great
    ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, supported education for women, build schools and hospitals and museums. Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations
  • Walpole
    Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745)
  • Tories
    a political party that supported James II
  • Whigs
    a political party that opposed James II
  • Edmund Burke
    British Whig leader who was cautious about the French Revolution. Saw that they needed to keep thei present political structure and seek to achieve evolutionary rather than revolutionary change.
  • Louis XV
    grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)
  • parlements
    15 sovereign courts in the french judicial system that checked the king's ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily
  • Theories
    The explanations scientists develop to explain observed facts are called theories.
  • Ptolemy wrote about...
    Astronomy, geography, and logic
  • galileo galilei
    built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens
  • Nicholas Copernicus
    Mathematician who developed a heliocentric conception of the universe.
  • John Locke
    Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rig…
  • baron de montesquieu
    French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving free…
  • voltaire
    used satire against opponents, (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.
  • Jean-Jacques Rousseau
    (1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the caus…
  • Balance of Power Theory
    Equal power would prevent one branch from becoming too powerful
  • Mercantilism
    economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. It enriches the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. The goal was supposedly to achieve a "favorable" balance of trade that w…
  • geocentric theory
    earth stands sill while the moon, the sun, and all other planets rotate around the earth in a perfect circle
  • Ptolemy
    Astronomer-mathematician who stated that the earth was the center of the universe
  • Scientific Revolution
    new way of thinking about the natural world, old assumptions with new theories
  • heliocentric theory
    everything revolves around the sun
  • Galileo
    Florentine scientist that designed telescope, placed under house arrest by pope for revolutionary astronomical theories
  • scientific method
    logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas
  • Johannes Kepler
    A mathematician who recognized that the planets did not revolve around the sun in circles, but ellipises (ovals).
  • rene descartes
    geometry
  • isaac newton
    brought bacon and descartes views together into a single theory of motion
  • heliocentrism
    sun is the center of the universe, first proposed by Nicolas copernicus
  • reason
    Clear and ordered thinking.
  • natural rights
    life, liberty, and right to own property
  • constitutional monarch
    A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.
  • absolute power
    Sovereignty; complete power and rule
  • legacy of enlightenment
    changed views on government; no need for absolute rulers; should not have unequal social classes.
  • leviathan
    expressed the views that all men were naturally selfish and wicked
  • intolerance
    A lack of acceptance of another person's opinions, beliefs, or actions.
  • satire
    a style of writing that pokes fun at people or society
  • The social contract
    People give up some freedom for the common good. People must give consent or permission to be governed. this ideas was published by Rosseau
  • Quote by Voltaire.
    I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.
  • secular
    Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters. during the Enlightenment began to question practices of the church and some religious teachings.
  • heliocentric
    A model of the solar system in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun
  • geocentric
    A belief that the Earth is the center of the universe
  • Sir Isaac Newton
    English scientist, mathematician, and philosopher; published theory of gravity and the three laws of motion
  • Law of Gravity
    Newton's idea that "what goes up, must come down"