Flashcards: Scientific Revolution

1. Discovery of the New World 2. Invention of the Printing Press 3. Rivalry among Nation-States 4. Reformation 5. Renaissance Humanism

A philosophical and theological system, associated with Thomas Aquinas, devised to reconcile Aristotelian philosophy and Roman Catholic theology in the thirteenth century.

Developed the first modern theory of a sun-centered universe

Amassed nearly 20 years worth of astrological data that eventually led to the disproval of the geocentric theory.

German astronomer and mathematician. Considered the founder of modern astronomy, he formulated three laws to describe how the planets revolve around the sun in elliptical orbits.

Newton's book which established the law of universal gravitation and banished Ptolemy's laws and universe for good.

British scientist who defined the laws of motion, discovered gravity, experimented with optics, invented differential calculus and wrote "Principia"

Florentine scientist that designed telescope, placed under house arrest by pope for revolutionary astronomical theories

English statesman and philosopher precursor of British empiricism; advocated inductive reasoning (1561-1626)

Wrote Discourse on Method. Believed in Cartesian Dualism where the body can be doubted, but the mind can't so the two must be radically different. Used deductive reasoning (reasoning through previously know facts) to come to conclusions.

French mathematician and philosopher and Jansenist invented an adding machine; contributed (with Fermat) to the theory of probability (1623-1662)

English materialist and political philosopher who advocated absolute sovereignty as the only kind of government that could resolve problems caused by the selfishness of human beings (1588-1679), wrote Leviathan

expressed the views that all men were naturally selfish and wicked

The theory that the monarch is supreme and can exercise full and complete power unilaterally.

English empiricist philosopher who believed that all knowledge is derived from sensory experience (1632-1704)

An implicit agreement among the members of a society to cooperate for social benefits, for example by sacrificing some individual freedom for state protection. Theories of a social contract became popular in the 16th, 1…

Said human nature lived free and had the natural rights of life, liberty, and property. Government was created in order to protect these rights and if the government failed to do so it was…

John Locke's concept of the mind as a blank sheet ultimately bombarded by sense impressions that, aided by human reasoning, formulate ideas.

(1724-1804) German philosopher who thought that the mind comes into the world with certain inborn assumptions or predilections with which it molds experience.

social critics in france

used satire against opponents, (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

French political philosopher who advocated the separation of executive and legislative and judicial powers (1689-1755), wrote spirit of laws

Not wanting any ONE branch to get too powerful, the Founding Fathers gave each branch certain ways to limit the power of the other two.

created the encyclopedia

(1712-1778) process of civilization and enlightenment had corrupted human nature, evil of the world founded upon uneven distribution of property, real purpose of society was to nurture better people, wrote the Social Contract

According to Rousseau the general will is sacred and absolute, reacting the common interests of the people who have displaced the monarch as the holder of ultimate power.

(1738-1794) wrote 'On Crimes and Punishments', wanted laws to conform to rational laws of nature

Scottish philosopher whose sceptical philosophy restricted human knowledge to that which can be perceived by the senses (1711-1776)

Scottish economist who advocated private enterprise and free trade (1723-1790), wrote "wealth of Nations"

philosophies would meet

English writer and early feminist who denied male supremacy and advocated equal education for women, wrote "Vindication of the Rights of Women"

Absolutist monarchs who incorporated Enlightenment ideas without giving up their control

Prussian officers who were from noble Prussian families. Promoted on merit rather than wealth or social standing

Known as the Great Elector, this man was the first Hohenzollern leader, to move toward absolute monarchy and built a militaristic state in Prussia/ Brandenburg.

son of Frederick William who in 1701 became the first king of Prussia (1657-1713)

(1712-1786), King of Prussia from 1740 to 1786. Enlightened despot who enlarged Prussia by gaining land from Austria when Maria Theresa became Empress.

(r. 1740-1780) maintained her throne by giving Hungary Magyars prominence, reorganized army, promoted commerce and agriculture

Prussian and Austria fought over Silesia and most of the rest of Europe took sides

Issued by Charles VI of Austria in 1713 to assure his daughter Maria Theresa gained the throne.

the time of changing alliances between the war of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War, France allied with Austria and Russia, while Prussia is allied with Great Britain

another name for the french and indian war

first czar of Russia, known for cruelty and being constantly at war

the Russian imperial line that ruled from 1613 to 1917

First czar of Russia and a member of the Romanov Family. (r. 1689-1725)

ruled Russia from 1762 to 1796, added new lands to Russia, encouraged science, art, literature, supported education for women, build schools and hospitals and museums. Russia became one of Europe's most powerful nations

Englishman and Whig statesman who (under George I) was effectively the first British prime minister (1676-1745)

a political party that supported James II

a political party that opposed James II

British Whig leader who was cautious about the French Revolution. Saw that they needed to keep thei present political structure and seek to achieve evolutionary rather than revolutionary change.

grandson of Louis XIV and king of France from 1715 to 1774 who led France into the War of the Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War (1710-1774)

15 sovereign courts in the french judicial system that checked the king's ability to tax and legislate arbitrarily

The explanations scientists develop to explain observed facts are called theories.

Astronomy, geography, and logic

built his own telescope and used it to study the heavens

Mathematician who developed a heliocentric conception of the universe.

Wrote Two Treatises on Government as justification of Glorious Revolution and end of absolutism in England. He argued that man is born good and has rights to life, liberty, and property. To protect these rig…

French aristocrat who wanted to limit royal absolutism; Wrote The Spirit of Laws, urging that power be separated between executive, legislative, and judicial branches, each balancing out the others, thus preventing despotism and preserving free…

used satire against opponents, (1694-1778) French philosopher. He believed that freedom of speech was the best weapon against bad government. He also spoke out against the corruption of the French government, and the intolerance of the Catholic Church.

(1712-1778) French writer and Enlightenment philosopher who wrote a book called, The Social Contract, where he stated that people were basically good, and that society, and its unequal distribution of wealth, were the caus…

Equal power would prevent one branch from becoming too powerful

economic nationalism for the purpose of building a wealthy and powerful state. It enriches the country by restraining imports and encouraging exports. The goal was supposedly to achieve a "favorable" balance of trade that w…

earth stands sill while the moon, the sun, and all other planets rotate around the earth in a perfect circle

Astronomer-mathematician who stated that the earth was the center of the universe

new way of thinking about the natural world, old assumptions with new theories

everything revolves around the sun

Florentine scientist that designed telescope, placed under house arrest by pope for revolutionary astronomical theories

logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas

A mathematician who recognized that the planets did not revolve around the sun in circles, but ellipises (ovals).

geometry

brought bacon and descartes views together into a single theory of motion

sun is the center of the universe, first proposed by Nicolas copernicus

Clear and ordered thinking.

life, liberty, and right to own property

A King or Queen is the official head of state but power is limited by a constitution.

Sovereignty; complete power and rule

changed views on government; no need for absolute rulers; should not have unequal social classes.

expressed the views that all men were naturally selfish and wicked

A lack of acceptance of another person's opinions, beliefs, or actions.

a style of writing that pokes fun at people or society

People give up some freedom for the common good. People must give consent or permission to be governed. this ideas was published by Rosseau

I do not agree with a word you say but will defend to the death your right to say it.

Concerned with worldly rather than spiritual matters. during the Enlightenment began to question practices of the church and some religious teachings.

A model of the solar system in which Earth and the other planets revolve around the sun

A belief that the Earth is the center of the universe

English scientist, mathematician, and philosopher; published theory of gravity and the three laws of motion

Newton's idea that "what goes up, must come down"