2019-07-04T22:16:40+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Absolute morality, Acculturation strategy, Adaptive, Alpha bias, Androcentric bias, Beta bias, Collectivist, Concordance rate, Conditioning theory, Cross-cultural psychology, Culture, Derived etic, Determinism, Diathesis–stress model, Eclectic approach, Emic constructs, Empiricism, Environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA), Environmental determinism, Environmental determinism, Environmental reductionism, Equipotentiality, Ethnic groups, Ethnographic approach, Ethologists, Etic constructs, Falsifiability, Free will, Freudian slip, Gene, Genetic determinism, Genome lag, Genotype, Hard determinism, Heritability, Heterosexual bias, Hormones, Idiographic approach, Implacable experimenter, Imposed etic, Individualist, Introspection, Kin selection, Liberal humanism, Machine reductionism, Methodological behaviourism, Methodological gender bias, Micro-environments, Mutations, Nativism, Natural selection, Nature–nurture debate, Neo-behaviourism, Neurotransmitters, Phenotype, Physiological determinism, Physiological reductionism, Physiological, Programmed learning, Psychic determinism, Radical behaviourism, Reaction range, Reciprocal determinism, Reductionism, Relative morality, Schemas, Scripts, Social constructionists, Social learning theory, Soft determinism, Speciesism, Synapses, Transgenerational effect, Vicarious reinforcement flashcards
Psychology: Approaches, Issues, and Debates

Psychology: Approaches, Issues, and Debates

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  • Absolute morality
    this is based on the notion that the ends cannot justify the means; some acts are
  • Acculturation strategy
    the approach adopted by members of ethnic groups, involving decisions about
  • Adaptive
    the extent to which a behaviour increases the reproductive potential of an individual and
  • Alpha bias
    the tendency to exaggerate differences between the sexes.
  • Androcentric bias
    a bias in favour of males. An androcentric theory is based on research data on males
  • Beta bias
    the tendency to minimise differences between the sexes.
  • Collectivist
    a culture where individuals share tasks, belongings, and income. The people may live in large
  • Concordance rate
    if one twin has a disorder or condition, the likelihood that the other twin also has it.
  • Conditioning theory
    the view that all behaviour can be explained in terms of stimulus–response links.
  • Cross-cultural psychology
    an approach in which different cultures are studied and compared.
  • Culture
    the rules, morals, and methods of interactions specific to a group of people.
  • Derived etic
    using a series of emic studies to build up a picture of a particular culture.
  • Determinism
    the view that all behaviour is caused by factors other than one’s own will.
  • Diathesis–stress model
    the notion that psychological disorders occur when there is a genetically
  • Eclectic approach
    any approach in psychology that draws on many different perspectives.
  • Emic constructs
    those that vary from one culture to another.
  • Empiricism
    the view that all behaviour is the consequence of experience. The extreme “nurture” side of
  • Environment of evolutionary adaptation (EEA)
    the period in human evolution during which our genes
  • Environmental determinism
    the view that all behaviour can be explained solely in terms of the effects of
  • Environmental determinism
    the view that all behaviour can be explained solely in terms of the effects of
  • Environmental reductionism
    attempting to understand how the natural environment influences our
  • Equipotentiality
    the view that essentially any response can be conditioned to any stimulus.
  • Ethnic groups
    cultural groups (e.g., those defined by race or religion) living within a larger society.
  • Ethnographic approach
    making comparisons between cultures with a view to learning more about a
  • Ethologists
    those who undertake the biological study of animal behaviour, seeking to determine the
  • Etic constructs
    universal factors that hold across cultures.
  • Falsifiability
    the notion that scientific theories can potentially be disproved by evidence; it is the hallmark
  • Free will
    the notion that we are free to make decisions.
  • Freudian slip
    a mistake that betrays the concerns of the unconscious mind.
  • Gene
    a unit of inheritance that forms part of a chromosome. Some characteristics are determined by one
  • Genetic determinism
    the view that animal behaviour is caused by genetic influences; this view underpins
  • Genome lag
    the notion that some behaviour is not adaptive because genetic changes over thousands of
  • Genotype
    an individual’s genetic potential.
  • Hard determinism
    the view that all behaviour is determined and is highly constrained by the current
  • Heritability
    the proportion of the variance within a population in some characteristic (e.g., height) that is
  • Heterosexual bias
    the notion that heterosexuality is more natural than, and preferable to, homosexuality.
  • Hormones
    chemical substances produced by endocrine glands, and circulated in the blood. They only
  • Idiographic approach
    an approach that emphasises the uniqueness of the individual.
  • Implacable experimenter
    the typical laboratory situation in which the experimenter’s behaviour is
  • Imposed etic
    the use of a technique developed in one culture to study another culture.
  • Individualist
    a culture that emphasises individuality, individual needs, and independence.
  • Introspection
    examination and observation of one’s own mental processes.
  • Kin selection
    the view that the process of natural selection functions at the level of an individual’s genes
  • Liberal humanism
    the view that all people, e.g., gays, lesbians, and heterosexuals, are equal and the ways
  • Machine reductionism
    explaining behaviour by analogy with rather simpler machine systems.
  • Methodological behaviourism
    the view that all psychological perspectives use some behaviourist
  • Methodological gender bias
    designing a study on the effects of gender in a biased way so as to maximise
  • Micro-environments
    environments created by individuals through their own behaviour and physical
  • Mutations
    genetic changes that can then be inherited by any offspring.
  • Nativism
    the view that people’s characteristics are inherited.
  • Natural selection
    the process by which certain traits (and the associated genes) are perpetuated because of
  • Nature–nurture debate
    the question of whether behaviour is determined by inherited factors or by
  • Neo-behaviourism
    an extension of behaviourism to allow for some cognitive factors, e.g., Bandura’s
  • Neurotransmitters
    chemical substances that are released at the junction between neurons (a synapse) and
  • Phenotype
    the observable characteristics of an individual, resulting from the interaction between genes
  • Physiological determinism
    the view that behaviour is determined by internal, bodily systems.
  • Physiological reductionism
    explanations of complex behaviours in terms of simpler physiological
  • Physiological
    concerning the study of living organisms and their body parts.
  • Programmed learning
    a type of learning devised by Skinner and based on operant conditioning, in which
  • Psychic determinism
    the view that adult behaviour or personality is predetermined by events in early
  • Radical behaviourism
    the view that all behaviour is learned. Skinner was a radical behaviourist.
  • Reaction range
    Gottesman’s solution to the nature–nurture debate in which genetic make-up (genotype)
  • Reciprocal determinism
    Bandura’s concept that what one learns is affected by one’s characteristics
  • Reductionism
    the notion that psychology can ultimately be reduced to more basic sciences such as
  • Relative morality
    this is based on the notion that the acceptability of any act depends in part on the
  • Schemas
    organised packets of information stored in long-term memory.
  • Scripts
    sets of schemas that guide people when performing commonplace activities, such as going to a
  • Social constructionists
    psychological theorists who assume that our knowledge of ourselves and of others
  • Social learning theory
    the theory that behaviour can be explained in terms of both direct and indirect
  • Soft determinism
    the notion that we should distinguish between behaviour that is very constrained by the
  • Speciesism
    discrimination and exploitation based on differences between species.
  • Synapses
    the extremely small gaps between adjacent neurons.
  • Transgenerational effect
    if a woman has, e.g., a poor diet during pregnancy, her foetus suffers and may be
  • Vicarious reinforcement
    the concept in social learning theory that reinforcement can be received