2024-09-10T15:40:38+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Cell differentiation, Reversible cell damage, Irreversible cell damage, Which cells are most resistant to anoxia and hypoxia?, Pathophysiology, Clinical manifestations of a disease, Active transport, Diffusion, Chemotaxis, Metaplasia, Hyperplasia, Neoplasia, Proliferation of neoplastic cells, Benign neoplasm, Anaplasia, Metastasis of malignant cells, Pleomorphism, Benign tumor, Malignant tumor, Growth of a benign tumor, Metastasis, Adenomas, Lipoma, Chondroma, Chondrosarcoma, Osteoma, Osteosarcoma, Glioma, Lymphoma, Ewings Sarcoma, Tumor staging, Tumor staging process, Malignant cells, Antigen, Acquired immunity, Lymphocytes, Antibodies, Interferons, T-cells, Acute rejection, Sjojgren's syndrome, Amyloid, Lymphoma, Kaposi's Sarcoma, Celiac disease, Hashimoto's Disease, Systemic Lupus Erythematosus flashcards
PATHO Ch1-4

PATHO Ch1-4

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  • Cell differentiation
    cells become more specialized and have a unique appearance under a microscope that is different from other specialized cells
  • Reversible cell damage
    -Reduced energy production: swollen mitochondria result in production of lactic acid instead of ATP -The cell recovers by pumping excess water from the cytoplasm -Decreased protein synthesis: pH becomes acidic
  • Irreversible cell damage
    -damage to the nucleus -cells release cytoplasmic enzymes -cessation of energy production
  • Which cells are most resistant to anoxia and hypoxia?
    Connective tissue cells
  • Pathophysiology
    study of disease development, including the causative agent, its route of entry into the body, and factors relating to the patient's susceptibility to the disease
  • Clinical manifestations of a disease
    -tests/lab data -signs -symptoms
  • Active transport
    cellular transportation that involves ATP to attach and pull a substance into a cell
  • Diffusion
    cellular transport that involves a passive process of movement across a cell wall via a concentration gradient
  • Chemotaxis
    movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus
  • Metaplasia
    exaggerated growth response that replaces one tissue type by cells of another type
  • Hyperplasia
    the increase in the number of cells due to an abnormal growth stimulus
  • Neoplasia
    the increase of cell proliferation and an increase in the number of cells without the presence of a growth stimulus
  • Proliferation of neoplastic cells
    -disorganized -autonomous -excessive
  • Benign neoplasm
    -single mass with fibrous rim -remain in the tissue and area of origin -undifferentiated from cells of origin
  • Anaplasia
    new growth of cells that are undifferentiated from stem cells and exhibit new features not inherent to the tissue they originated from
  • Metastasis of malignant cells
    -blood -lymph -seeding to nearby tissue/body cavities
  • Pleomorphism
    variances in size, shape and staining qualities of malignant cells
  • Benign tumor
    -the cell performs complex functions as normal for cell type -well developed cytoplasm and organelles -nuclei of normal shape, size and function
  • Malignant tumor
    -the cell can no longer perform normal functions -an increased amount of chromatin which is also distributed unevenly -the cytoplasm is smaller -a larger number of cells is actively undergoing mitosis -nuclei are pleomorphic in that they have varying sizes and shapes and take up a larger percentage of the cell
  • Growth of a benign tumor
    -few cells are actively undergoing mitosis -slow growth -well differentiated as cells of their origin
  • Metastasis
    to change its position, denoting the process of neoplasms spreading from primary location to other sites in the body
  • Adenomas
    benign tumors of epithelial cells
  • Lipoma
    benign tumor in fat cells
  • Chondroma
    benign tumor in joint cells/cartilage
  • Chondrosarcoma
    aggressive malignant tumor of cartilage cells
  • Osteoma
    benign tumor of bone cells
  • Osteosarcoma
    malignant bone tumor of bone cells
  • Glioma
    malignant tumor of the glia cells in the brain
  • Lymphoma
    malignant tumor of the lymphocytes
  • Ewings Sarcoma
    malignant cancer of the bone cells in children
  • Tumor staging
    process of examining the cellular structure of tumor cells under a microscope to determine benign vs malignant and degree of malignancy
  • Tumor staging process
    -the presence and extent of distance metastasis to other body quadrants -the presence and extent of lymph node involvement -tumor size, shape, and invasion into surrounding tissue
  • Malignant cells
    -using less glucose and oxygen -production and accumulation of lactic acid in the cytoplasm -less mitochondria and tough endoplasmic reticulum
  • Antigen
    the chemical substance which produces a specific immune response as part of acquired immunity
  • Acquired immunity
    the ability of the body to recognize self vs non-self
  • Lymphocytes
    derive from bone marrow
  • Antibodies
    -immune cells of heavy and light chain immunoglobulins specific to antigens -formation of an antigen to a B cell lymphocyte
  • Interferons
    proteins released in the presence of viruses
  • T-cells
    cells that are the primary protector against viruses and cancer
  • Acute rejection
    -occurs between four days and three months after transplant -common -treatable
  • Sjojgren's syndrome
    the destruction of the body's moisture secreting glands
  • Amyloid
    -accumulation in organs negatively impact function -thick fibers seen under microscope -fibers form into beta-pleated sheets
  • Lymphoma
    a common cancer associated with AIDS and may initially present in the brain or GI tract
  • Kaposi's Sarcoma
    a disorder of blood-filled nodules in the mouth, GI tract, and lungs, most often associate with AIDS patients
  • Celiac disease
    the body's inability to distinguish self vs non-self in the presence of certain proteins found in food, such as gluten, which results in the destruction of intestinal villi
  • Hashimoto's Disease
    the immune system attacking the thyroid tissue, resulting in periods of hyper and hypothyroidism until eventually the thyroid is destroyed
  • Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
    Malar rash (butterfly shaped rash on the cheeks) HIV virus marked by a sharp decrease in CD4 T-helper cells