cells become more specialized and have a unique appearance under a microscope that is different from other specialized cells
Reversible cell damage
-Reduced energy production: swollen mitochondria result in production of lactic acid instead of ATP -The cell recovers by pumping excess water from the cytoplasm -Decreased protein synthesis: pH becomes acidic
Irreversible cell damage
-damage to the nucleus -cells release cytoplasmic enzymes -cessation of energy production
Which cells are most resistant to anoxia and hypoxia?
Connective tissue cells
Pathophysiology
study of disease development, including the causative agent, its route of entry into the body, and factors relating to the patient's susceptibility to the disease
Clinical manifestations of a disease
-tests/lab data -signs -symptoms
Active transport
cellular transportation that involves ATP to attach and pull a substance into a cell
Diffusion
cellular transport that involves a passive process of movement across a cell wall via a concentration gradient
Chemotaxis
movement of an organism in response to a chemical stimulus
Metaplasia
exaggerated growth response that replaces one tissue type by cells of another type
Hyperplasia
the increase in the number of cells due to an abnormal growth stimulus
Neoplasia
the increase of cell proliferation and an increase in the number of cells without the presence of a growth stimulus
Proliferation of neoplastic cells
-disorganized -autonomous -excessive
Benign neoplasm
-single mass with fibrous rim -remain in the tissue and area of origin -undifferentiated from cells of origin
Anaplasia
new growth of cells that are undifferentiated from stem cells and exhibit new features not inherent to the tissue they originated from
Metastasis of malignant cells
-blood -lymph -seeding to nearby tissue/body cavities
Pleomorphism
variances in size, shape and staining qualities of malignant cells
Benign tumor
-the cell performs complex functions as normal for cell type -well developed cytoplasm and organelles -nuclei of normal shape, size and function
Malignant tumor
-the cell can no longer perform normal functions -an increased amount of chromatin which is also distributed unevenly -the cytoplasm is smaller -a larger number of cells is actively undergoing mitosis -nuclei are pleomorphic in that they have varying sizes and shapes and take up a larger percentage of the cell
Growth of a benign tumor
-few cells are actively undergoing mitosis -slow growth -well differentiated as cells of their origin
Metastasis
to change its position, denoting the process of neoplasms spreading from primary location to other sites in the body
Adenomas
benign tumors of epithelial cells
Lipoma
benign tumor in fat cells
Chondroma
benign tumor in joint cells/cartilage
Chondrosarcoma
aggressive malignant tumor of cartilage cells
Osteoma
benign tumor of bone cells
Osteosarcoma
malignant bone tumor of bone cells
Glioma
malignant tumor of the glia cells in the brain
Lymphoma
malignant tumor of the lymphocytes
Ewings Sarcoma
malignant cancer of the bone cells in children
Tumor staging
process of examining the cellular structure of tumor cells under a microscope to determine benign vs malignant and degree of malignancy
Tumor staging process
-the presence and extent of distance metastasis to other body quadrants -the presence and extent of lymph node involvement -tumor size, shape, and invasion into surrounding tissue
Malignant cells
-using less glucose and oxygen -production and accumulation of lactic acid in the cytoplasm -less mitochondria and tough endoplasmic reticulum
Antigen
the chemical substance which produces a specific immune response as part of acquired immunity
Acquired immunity
the ability of the body to recognize self vs non-self
Lymphocytes
derive from bone marrow
Antibodies
-immune cells of heavy and light chain immunoglobulins specific to antigens -formation of an antigen to a B cell lymphocyte
Interferons
proteins released in the presence of viruses
T-cells
cells that are the primary protector against viruses and cancer
Acute rejection
-occurs between four days and three months after transplant -common -treatable
Sjojgren's syndrome
the destruction of the body's moisture secreting glands
Amyloid
-accumulation in organs negatively impact function -thick fibers seen under microscope -fibers form into beta-pleated sheets
Lymphoma
a common cancer associated with AIDS and may initially present in the brain or GI tract
Kaposi's Sarcoma
a disorder of blood-filled nodules in the mouth, GI tract, and lungs, most often associate with AIDS patients
Celiac disease
the body's inability to distinguish self vs non-self in the presence of certain proteins found in food, such as gluten, which results in the destruction of intestinal villi
Hashimoto's Disease
the immune system attacking the thyroid tissue, resulting in periods of hyper and hypothyroidism until eventually the thyroid is destroyed
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus
Malar rash (butterfly shaped rash on the cheeks) HIV virus marked by a sharp decrease in CD4 T-helper cells