2024-03-04T09:38:21+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>Glutamate</p>, <p>GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)</p>, <p>Acetylcholine</p>, <p>Dopamine</p>, <p>Serotonin(5-HT)</p>, <p>Histamine</p>, <p>Norepinephrine</p>, <p>GABA-A</p>, <p>GABA-B</p>, <p>Fast receptors</p>, <p>Slow receptors</p>, <p>5-HT3 receptors</p>, <p>Peptides</p>, <p>Peptide responsible for pain modulation, pleasure/reward, sedation, gut motility modulation</p>, <p>Peptide responsible for stress, anxiety, fear and withdrawal</p>, <p>Peptide responsible for attachment and bonding</p>, <p>Peptide responsible for affiliative behavior</p>, <p>Peptide responsible for sleep-wake transitions, feeding, reward</p>, <p>Peptide responsible for feeding initiation</p>, <p>mildly painful stimuli is excruciating</p>, <p>pain is felt with a non painful stimulus</p>, <p>Differentiating between upper and lower motor neuron lesions</p>, <p>Responsible for executive function (type A personality traits)0</p>, <p>Responsible for sensory perception</p>, <p>Responsible for visual processing</p>, <p>Responsible for auditory processing</p>, <p>Responsible for fine motor movement and learning motor skills. Only part of the brain where injury manifests on same side as injury</p>, <p>movements that fluctuate between overshooting the target orundershooting the target</p>, <p>the inability to conduct rapidly alternating movements such as tapping thumb and forefinger together, or alternately touching the palm of the hand and the back of the hand to the leg</p>, <p>pleasure center of the brain</p>, <p>Double vision</p>, <p>Normal and concerning changes with concussion</p>, <p>Two types of strokes</p>, <p>Pathology of seizures</p>, <p>Neurofibrillary tangles, tau proteins and amyloid plaque formation are all associated with</p>, <p>autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of acetylcholine receptors-resulting in loss of muscular control and muscle wasting</p>, <p>Pain modulation</p> flashcards

Neuro

Module 8- advanced patho. Chapter 15

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  • Glutamate

    Primary excitatory transmitter of the brain, mediated by both ionotropic (fast) and metabotropic (slow) receptors, in hypoxemia or ischemia can lead to excitotoxic neuron death (cells "panic" and die)

  • GABA (Gamma-Aminobutyric Acid)

    Primary inhibitory transmitter of the brain (GABA-A and GABA-B), mediated by both inotropic (fast) and metabotropic (slow) receptors

  • Acetylcholine

    Primary neurotransmitter of the peripheral (PNS) nervous system, mediated by both ionotropic (fast) and metabotropic (slow) receptors, substantial role in both learning and memory, Interaction with dopamine plays large role in controlling motor function

  • Dopamine

    Metabotropic, neurotransmitter of pleasure (also addiction and addictive behaviors), deterioration of pathways leads to motor dysfunction seen in Parkinson's disease, modulation of dopamine reduces or stops symptoms of schizophrenia

  • Serotonin(5-HT)

    Metabotropic (with 1 exception: 5-HT3), derived from tryptophan (turkey dinner), converted to melatonin in the pineal gland, implicated in sleep-wake transition, alertness, motivation, appetite and pain modulation, inhibits aggression, SSRI drugs increase 5-HT levels in the brain

  • Histamine

    Metabotropic, thought to play a role in sleep and wakefulness (sleepiness associated with histamine blockers are indicative of this)

  • Norepinephrine

    Metabotropic, neurotransmitter of alertness and responsiveness, also influences mood and affect, suppression of NE release leads to sedation, neurological disorders resulting in attention deficits (ADHD, PTSD) have shown favorable responses to drugs that increase NE release (amphetamines)

  • GABA-A

    Ionotropic: drugs for epilepsy, anxiety, and insomnia increase GABA-A (less likely to fire)

  • GABA-B

    Metabotropic: muscle relaxers increase GABA-B (less likely to fire)

  • Fast receptors

    Ionotropic

  • Slow receptors

    Metabotropic

  • 5-HT3 receptors

    can cause nausea/vomiting, drugs like Ondansetron block these receptors

  • Peptides

    Metabotropic, interact across the CNS and PNS

  • Peptide responsible for pain modulation, pleasure/reward, sedation, gut motility modulation

    Opioid peptides: enkephalins, dynorphin, β-endorphin

  • Peptide responsible for stress, anxiety, fear and withdrawal

    Corticotropin-releasing hormone

  • Peptide responsible for attachment and bonding

    Oxytocin

  • Peptide responsible for affiliative behavior

    Vasopressin

  • Peptide responsible for sleep-wake transitions, feeding, reward

    Orexins A and B

  • Peptide responsible for feeding initiation

    Neuropeptide Y

  • mildly painful stimuli is excruciating

    hyperalgesia

  • pain is felt with a non painful stimulus

    allodynia

  • Differentiating between upper and lower motor neuron lesions

    Upper: hyperreflexia or increased spasticity Lower: hyporeflexia

  • Responsible for executive function (type A personality traits)0

    Frontal lobe

  • Responsible for sensory perception

    Parietal Lobe

  • Responsible for visual processing

    Occipital lobe

  • Responsible for auditory processing

    Temporal lobe

  • Responsible for fine motor movement and learning motor skills. Only part of the brain where injury manifests on same side as injury

    Cerebellum

  • movements that fluctuate between overshooting the target orundershooting the target

    Dysmetria

  • the inability to conduct rapidly alternating movements such as tapping thumb and forefinger together, or alternately touching the palm of the hand and the back of the hand to the leg

    Dysdiadochokinesia

  • pleasure center of the brain

    nucleus accumbens

  • Double vision

    Diplopia

  • Normal and concerning changes with concussion

    Normal: diplopia or blurred vision Concerning: cognitive or motor changes

  • Two types of strokes

    Ischemic: block bf to brain Hemorrhagic: bleeding in the brain

  • Pathology of seizures

    increased sodium channel activity or decreased potassium channel activity

  • Neurofibrillary tangles, tau proteins and amyloid plaque formation are all associated with

    Alzheimer's Disease

  • autoimmune disorder leading to the destruction of acetylcholine receptors-resulting in loss of muscular control and muscle wasting

    Myasthenia Gravis

  • Pain modulation

    Descending pain modulation by NE and 5-HT and endogenous opioids. Ascending modulation by glutamate.