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what elements can protein contain?c,h,o. NITROGEN and sometimes sulfur (common but its not always there)
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what are proteins used for?hormones, enzymes, many things
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other than cho, what elements do nucleic acids contain?nitrogen and phosphorus
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is nucleic acid or nucleotide the subunit(smaller)?nucleotide
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what 3 main parts are nucleotides made of? (covalently bonded)base, sugar, phosphate
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how can we see if a nucleotide is rna or dna?look at the ribose sugar. deoxy = dna, oxy = rna
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what is the general structure of an amino acid.(its amine not amino idk why it says that)
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what is amine (chemical formula w elements)NH2
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how can you recognize a fatty acid?carboxyl, CH3 (methyl) and chain of CH2 (methhylene) in between
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how do we know if a fatty acid is (mono/poly)unsaturated or saturatedthe amount of double bonds between carbons. carboxyl doesnt count . its saturated because no more hydrogen can be added. no double bonds = unsaturated one double bond = monounsaturated 2 or more = polyunsaturated
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how can we know if its alpha or beta glucose? (if have another way of remembering replace)look at the first carbon, if H is on top its alpha, if OH is on top/ H is on bottom then its beta.
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what is condensationwater releasing (used for anabolic reactions; building molecules)
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what is hydrolysisit splits water. catabolic reactions need water to happen (break down molecules)
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whats a glycosidic bond?bw 2 monosaccharides. the 1st carbon and 4th carbon bond
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who discreidted vitalism by synthethically creating ureafrederich wohler
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what was wohler trying to create when he made ureaammonium cyanate
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what is vitalismbelief that organic molecules are made with a vital force and not physical elements
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what enzyme breaks down proteins into amino acidsprotease
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describe a peptide bondtake out OH of carboxyl and one H of the methyl(CH3) (so it makes H20). then the nitrogen and carbon are connected, combining the 2 amino acids.
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what enzyme catabolizes lactose into galactose and glucoselactase (and water) . it breaks the glycosidic bond
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what is thisglucose
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what is the differnece between the structure of glucose and galactoseswitch OH and H on the 4th carbon
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is fructose a hexose or pentosehexose. it looks like a pentose but theres a extra CH2OH
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what are the three most common forms of monosaccharidestrioses, hexoses, pentoses
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what monosaccharides is maltose made up of2 glucose
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what is lactosesugar foudn in milk. made of glucose and galactose
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what is sucrosetable sugar. glucose and fructose
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connection between 1st and 4th carbonsa glycosidic bond - straight chain
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connection bw 1st and 6th carbonglycosidic bond - bent
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what is the differnece between a straight/bent chain glycosidic bondstraight = bw 1st and 4th carbons bent = bw 1st and 6th carbons
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where is galactose found (real life)milk, and cereals
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where is fructose found in real lifefruits and honey
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how sweet is fructosesweetest naturally occuring carb
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what are polysaccharides often (length and shape)long, maybe branched
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what type of molcules is cellulose made up of (spec type of monosaccahride)β-glucose
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how are the molecules in cellulose bondedhydrogen bonds
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what are bundles of cellulose calledcellulose microfibrils
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what is THE special trait of cellulose (hint: structure )high tensile stregnth. this precents pplant walls from bursting even under high water pressure
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why cant i eat grass???!!!??!?!?!!!!!!!!!!!!!!?humans do not have the neccessary enzymes to break down bonds bw β-glucose molecules. Grazing anaimls and bacteria in their gut have the enzymes (why not meeeeeeee)
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what type of monosaccharide are amylose and amylopectin made ofalpha glucose
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how are molecules in amylose+amylopectin oriented and whats an effect of thisthey are oriented the same way. this means the molecule is curved
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how are the carbons linked (which to which) on amylose+ amylopectin1-4 via condensation
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amylopectin: what type of chain and its effect on shape and sizebranched; globular shape, it can be bigger
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is amylose branched/unbranched and its effect on shapeunbranched; forms a helix
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what is another name for starch (2) (what its made up of)amylose and amylopectin
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what is the more common name for amylose/amylopectin. (what it makes up)starch
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do plants or animals make starchplants. animals can digest/use
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is starch solubleyes; but too large to be soluble in water
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what is starch's effect on osmotic balance of cellsosmotic balance: cause too much water to enter cells it does not affect it
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why is starch useful for energy storageit is easy to add and remove glucose from it. in potatos/seeds glucose is held as starch
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how is starch used in leaf cellsa temporary store when there is too much glucose being made
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glycogen formula(C6H10O5)n
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how many subunits does glycogen have usually~30,000
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describe the sturcture of glycogen (bent, etc. )it branches many times and its compact bc Condensation reactions link carbons 1-4 on the next α-glucose. •If branches occur where a condensation reaction is, then it links carbon atom 1 – 6. it coils so it is good for storage
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who makes glycogenanimals and also some fungi
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where is glycogen stored in humansliver and some muscles. its used when large amounts of glucose would cause problems
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why is glycogen used as a energy storage (osmotic balance )•Glycogen does not affect the _osmotic__ balance of cells, i.e. cause too much water to enter them •It is easy to add or remove extra glucose molecules to glycogen •Therefore glycogen is useful in cells for glucose, and consequently energy, storage.
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what functional groups do all fatty acids containcarboxyl, methyl (CH3)
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trans fat has bend or nono bend. trans = straight
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are the hydrogen on the same side in cis isomeryes
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are cis or trans fats more commoncis
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what is an effect of bends in moleculesmakes it more loosely packed
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what state of matter are cis isomers lipids usually inliquid
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what state of matter are trans isomers lipids usually insolid
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are trans isomers loosely or densely packeddense. tightly
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no double bonds - Saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?saturated
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1 double bond - Saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?monounsaturated
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5 double bonds - Saturated, monounsaturated or polyunsaturated?polyunsaturated
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give examples of foods high in monounsaturated fat●Olive, peanut, and canola oils ●Avocados ●Nuts such as almonds, hazelnuts, and pecans ●Seeds such as pumpkin and sesame seeds
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give exmaples of food high in polyunsaturated fats●Sunflower, corn, soybean, and flaxseed oils ●Walnuts ●Flax seeds Fish
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what is coronary heart diseasecoronary arteries being blocked by fat deposits
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what is the bond between glycerol and fatty acids calledester bonds
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what hydrolyzises triglycerides (enzyme)lipase
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function of lipidsinsulation, protection, storage
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funtion of phospholipidsstructure - they ae a main component of cell membranes
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main purpose of steroidshormone signalling (testorone)
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what type of tissue are lipids stored inadipose tissue (fat) - located immediately beneath skin and around some organs (kidneys)
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how does the amount of energy released (in cell respiration )from lipids compared to carbs/proteinlipids release double the amount 2:1
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how much denser in terms of energy storage is lipids compared to carbs1/6
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why is glycogen neccesary when we have fatits faster. too much glucose at once is bad
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what is one thing (energy storage) that glucose does that fats/fatty acids cantanaerobic. aerobic - fatty acids and glucose can do
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what level storage molecule is glycogenintermediate
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list some problems with BMI- not a good indicator of metabolic health (30%) - doesnt account for muscle mass, water, etc. - its for populations not individuals
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peptide bondc-n
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what do the polypeptides that all organisms use have in common? (hint: same buildiing blocks )they are all made up of a combo of the same 20 amino acids. what differs is the combination
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what happens in ribosomespolypeptide synthesis
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what substance tells ribosomes what polypeptide to makemessenger RNA (mRNA)
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what is the primary structure for protein (1st stage of synthesis)amino acid sequence. its the order formed by covalent peptide bonds
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whats another word for unbranchedstraight chain
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what is the process of DNA telling informtaion to RNA called? (DNA _____ the instructions to RNA)transcription
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what is the verb for RNA sending the instructions to the ribosometranslation
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what is the genetic code?sequence of bases on mRNA it tells the ribosome which amino acids to use in polypeptide synthesis
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what are some examples of properties that amino acids can havepolar/hydrophilic, nonpolar/hydrophobic, +/- charge (ionic )some have sulfur
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what do properties of amino acids/polypeptides affect?how it folds up into a protein during the third stage
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whats the alpha helixa coiled secondary protein structure. results from a hydrogen bond every fourth amino acid
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how does the secondary structure happen (how is it bonded)hydrogen bonds between the H in NH3 and O in carboxyl
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whats the beta pleated sheeta secondary structure of protein. formed by hydrogen bonds between parallel proteins
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what is tertiary structure primarily dependent on?interactions between R groups
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whats a disulfide bridgetertiary structure. strong covalent bonds between 2 sulfur atoms (from a R group) ex is cysteine
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what are ionic bonds (in proteins)bond bw positively and negatively charged side chains
