2023-09-04T11:08:55+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true Subjective, illness i, disease, Dynamic hwb, Subject health and wellbeing, Spiritual health and wellbeing, Social health and wellbeing, Physical health and wellbeing, Emotion health & wellbeing, Mental health and wellbeing, Interrelations, Phwb inter, Social inter, Mental inter, Emotional inter, Spiritual inter, Eh exp, op hwb, Op Hwb resource individually, Op Hwb resource individually, Op Hwb resource globally, Prerequisties for health, <p>Morbidity, daly = yll +yld</p>, Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE), Infant mortality rate, Maternal mortality, (U5MR), Psychological distress, Core activity limitation, Chronic condition, Smoking, Smoking effects, Alcohol, Binge drinking, alcohol misuse, alcohol use disorder, Body mass index (BMI) provides a height, under consumption of vegetables, <p>Risk undernourished mother like folate,</p>, under consumption of fruit, under consumption of dairy foods, Biological Factors, Environmental Factors, sociocultural factors, Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder, Food insecurity, Food security, Health literacy, Infastructure, Menopause, Sanitation, Social exclusion, Social isolation, <p>Infectious diseases, Parasitic diseases</p>, Injury and poisoning, Old public health, Old public health policies and practice, Policies and practice, Elimination of housing slums and intro of better quality housing, improved food and nutrition, Discovery of vaccines, Shift to health promotion, Biomedical health approach, Advances, Cv system disease, Ad vs dis of biomed, New public/social health, five action areas of the Ottawa Charter, <p>Health care system</p>, Medicare, Medical cover, Medicare safety net, pbs Safety net Ne, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES of medicare, Bulk billing, Schedule fee, Medicare levy, Levy Surcharge, Pbs, Bulk billing, Patient co payments, Private health insurance, The gap, Advantages and disadvantages priv, Premium, Private health rebate, Lifetime health cover, NDIS, Requirements, Individualised plan, Community services effect HWB, <p>SUSTAINABILITY hhd</p>, promote sustainability within the health system, Close the gap, Income classifications, Extreme Poverty, Environmental characteristics of countries, Safe water, Sanitation, Impact of sanitation on health status flashcards
hhd uni34

hhd uni34

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  • Subjective
    Indigenous Australians often relate optimal health and wellbeing to having a strong connection to the land and their past.
  • illness i
    v subjective concept related to negative, personal experience of a disease
  • disease
    physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage
  • Dynamic hwb
    concepts of hwb and illness are dynamic thus constantly changing over time. It gradual and expected illness like heart disease developed from (bad phwb) decades of unhealthy eating habits and lack of exercise ), recovry from disease, injury, medication surgery, relieve aliment and heal, goodphwb.
  • Subject health and wellbeing
    many different ways HWB is viewed thus subjective through personal attributes like age, gender, experiences, etc.. Personal ex, beliefs. high threshold for pain may not view illness may view illness as the presence of any disease,
  • Spiritual health and wellbeing
    Relates to ideas, beliefs, arising the mind and conscience. Feel hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning.
  • Social health and wellbeing
    ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others, to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.
  • Physical health and wellbeing
    physically able to perform daily activities without restrictions maintain body weight, physical fitness. Eating well, energy, reduce weight
  • Emotion health & wellbeing
    the positive management and expression of emotional activities and reactions, to display resilience.
  • Mental health and wellbeing
    the state of a person's mind or brain and to think and process information. make decisions and use logic.
  • Interrelations
    all dimension of hwb are related and affect each other, all need to achieve op hwb.
  • Phwb inter
    energy, may go out with friends ^ relat (s), daily tasks ^ feel good x self esteem (m). Sick may feel anger and fear (s), participate, belonging (s).
  • Social inter
    friends, share probs, - stress (m). Be yourself, learn respond well to €. Bonds, feel connected to world (s).
  • Mental inter
    stress better immune (p), optismism, + way, ^ relat(M), reasoning, cleary judge (emotion), 4chan (s).
  • Emotional inter
    process emotion, self e^, resilience, connection (sp).
  • Spiritual inter
    comm, body weight (p), society connected+, ^ self e (m) and friends (m), empathy €.
  • Eh exp
    breakup, cry stress, no appetite, less energy (P). Emotion, resilience.
  • op hwb
    highest level of health and wellbeing an individual can realistically attain at any particular time influenced by different genetic potentials and environment
  • Op Hwb resource individually
    increases the ability of individuals to live free from pain and concentrate on activities that improve their lives such as studying, working and socialising, vice versa. Better sleep, work productively, spend time with friends.
  • Op Hwb resource individually
    Reducing stress and anxiety in the community, less reliance on the health care system, work productivity
  • Op Hwb resource globally
    vaccines, water sanitation and access, pe schools, cancer prevention leads to health savings, less social benefits relience, higher incomes.
  • Prerequisties for health

    1986 WHO ottaw charter, PESSSIFES. Peace, equity, social justice, sustainable resources, stable ecosystem, income, food, education and shelter.

  • Morbidity, daly = yll +yld

    Refers to level of ill health in an individual or population. Incidence and prevalence, asthma, overweight rates, etc. daly is a measure Years of life lost due to premature death, le - age at death. + disability or disease

  • Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)
    A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth minus time spent in poor health.
  • Infant mortality rate
    measures the rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday (usually given per 1000 live births)
  • Maternal mortality
    Relates to the deaths of mothers as a result of pregnancy or childbirth, up to six weeks after delivery
  • (U5MR)
    measures the number of children that die before their fifth birthday, 1000 live births. -
  • Psychological distress
    relates to unpleasant feelings that affects someone's functioning.
  • Core activity limitation
    when an individual has difficulty with selfcare, mobility, or communication
  • Chronic condition
    any disease or condition that lasts a long time
  • Smoking
    refers to a practice in which a substance (eg. tobacco) is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Can also include cannabis and other drugs.
  • Smoking effects
    faults in cells, dividing, ^ tumors, many kinds of cancer. Pregnancy, risk low brith weight, underdevelopment immune, ^ infections like pneumonia. Trigger Airway muscles tighten, diffuclty breathing asthma. contributing to morbidity or leading cause of YLD
  • Alcohol
    HBMI, high kj and energy, weight gain, obesity. ^ mouth throat cancers are influenced by amount of alcohol. Leading cause of premature death, ^ mortality, daly, le. Acting impulsively and risk taking, leads drink driving and aggression, ^ mort and morb from injury & violence. 5.1 of BOD.
  • Binge drinking
    drinking seven or more standard drinks for males or five or more standard drinks for females on one occasion.
  • alcohol misuse
    excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism & bd. Over time, indicate alcohol use disorder
  • alcohol use disorder
    medical diagnosis to describe a person or persons with an alcohol problem.
  • Body mass index (BMI) provides a height
    to-weight ratio and is calculated using the formula of kg/h in m^2. 18-24 healthy. 30 obese
  • under consumption of vegetables
    Vegetables are nutrient dense. This means they are high in nutrients such as minerals, fibre & vitamins.

  • Risk undernourished mother like folate,

    increased risk of neural tube defects, increasing morbidity and YLD for kids. Antioxidant reduce impact of harmful free redicals thus cancer and cvd thus mortality, le, premature death, YLL.

  • under consumption of fruit
    same des as veg and causes mouth and oesophageal cancer. low in energy (kj).
  • under consumption of dairy foods
    food products made from animal milk. Calcium mineral, strength bones & teeth. Osteoporosis is porous bones, thin bone density, leads to facture and breaks. YLD, daly.
  • Biological Factors
    factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing, such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight.
  • Environmental Factors
    the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. This includes workplaces, housing, roads and geographical access to resources such as healthcare.
  • sociocultural factors
    include socioeconomic status (SES), unemployment, social exclusion, social isolation, cultural norms, food security, early life experiences, and access to culturally appropriate, affordable healthcare.
  • Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder
    a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Problems that may occur in babies exposed to alcohol before birth include low birth weight, distinctive facial features, heart defects, behavioural problems and intellectual disability.
  • Food insecurity
    when healthy, affordable food is not obtainable
  • Food security
    'the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources'
  • Health literacy
    the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions
  • Infastructure
    the physical and organisational structures, facilities and systems (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society
  • Menopause
    when the menstrual cycle stops permanently, ending the ability of a female to reproduce
  • Sanitation
    the process of eliminating contact between humans and hazardous wastes, including human and animal faeces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, grey water), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes
  • Social exclusion
    the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live
  • Social isolation
    refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others

  • Infectious diseases, Parasitic diseases

    caused by micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. worms, skin mites, body lice and protozoa body through contaminated food or water, or human contact.

  • Injury and poisoning
    motor vehicle accidents, suicide, assault, etc. halved since 1900, seatbelts decreased 1970's rate. War deaths not included.
  • Old public health
    major causes of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases resulted in u5mr, low life expectancy. Very poor sanitation facilitates, minimal clean water. Overcrowded, poor-quality housing. So cholera, tuberculosis were prevalent.
  • Old public health policies and practice
    improved water and sanitation. Mass immunisation programs, better quality food and nutrition.
  • Policies and practice
    government funded sanitation, quarantine laws, elimination of housing slums, improved food and nutrition.
  • Elimination of housing slums and intro of better quality housing
    required houses to have drains connected to sewerage or cesspit.
  • improved food and nutrition
    production safety, from, pure foods act 1905. refrigeration, school milk program.
  • Discovery of vaccines
    mass vaccination 1930s diphtheria, 1939 tb. Whooping cough in babies.
  • Shift to health promotion
    during 50s and 60s, making people aware of tobacco smoking, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption.
  • Biomedical health approach
    concerned with ddi, ill people, quick fix, technology to diagnose and cure disease, and on the services provided by doctors, specialists and hospitals.
  • Advances
    penicillin as a form antibiotics reducing morb and mort from infections.
  • Cv system disease
    1910, stethoscope to measure bp. Antihypertensive drugs.
  • Ad vs dis of biomed
    extends life expectancy, quality of life doesn't address underlying issues and affordability.
  • New public/social health

    diseases occurring from lifestyle like smoking, obesity having more community action. Some conditions are genetic, good focus on overall HWB. - address inequities in health status in SES and environmental factors.

  • five action areas of the Ottawa Charter
    build healthy public policy tax on alc & tobacco, create supportive environments quitline, strengthen community action (a common goal), develop personal skills edu & reorient health services like hp.

  • Health care system

    public like Medicare, pbs and ndis. Private like phi, privvy hospitals.
  • Medicare
    Australia's universal health insurance system, aims to provides affordable healthcare in the public health system to all citizens, permanent residents and people from countries with reciprocal agreements. Funded by federal government.
  • Medical cover
    Consultations for General Practitioners, specialists, x-rays, etc. but not ambulance services, home nursing care, and allied health treatments.
  • Medicare safety net
    ensures that people who's patient co-payments reach 495.6, receive 100 back for scheudle fee for out of hospital services from medicare
  • pbs Safety net Ne
    pbs medicine 1457 becomes $42.50 after and $6.80 for concession
  • ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES of medicare
    no choice of doctor in hospital, waiting list, available to all aussies, most of fees covered.
  • Bulk billing
    when you don't pay for a gp consultation, and they receive sf only.
  • Schedule fee
    Medicare pays ($34.60) for a GP's visit regardless of the GP's consultation fee - the rest is co-payment . And in public hospitals the cost is fully covered and 75 percent in private hospital.
  • Medicare levy
    >$20k salary, additional 2 per cent tax
  • Levy Surcharge
    >$90k or $180k as couple, with no private health insurance, additional 1 to 1.5 per cent. To reduce demand on public healthcare system.
  • Pbs
    Aim is to provide essential medicines at a subsidized price to all Australians regardless of their ability to pay and provides financial. support like the safety net and cnceisson rate. Funded by federal government.
  • Bulk billing
    is when a doctor the schedule fee for the full GP consultation, Medicare directly pay the doctor instead, 38.40 dollars.
  • Patient co payments
    the payment made by the consumer for healthcare good and services.
  • Private health insurance
    an insurance that helps pay for services not covered by Medicare in forms of a premium like for private hospital cover.
  • The gap
    the costs that exceed the payout from the insurance company.
  • Advantages and disadvantages priv
    choice of doctor in pub/priv hospital, shorter waiting time for elective surgery, incentive, costly premiums, qualifying periods like condition like asthma. Complex policy
  • Premium
    the amount paid total for phi including hospital and extras. Age based discount, and surcharge.
  • Private health rebate
    income test done for rebate, under 90k 30 per cent rebate
  • Lifetime health cover
    take up phi after 31 pay 2% extra for ppremiums for each year over, so 40 is 20% per cent more.
  • NDIS
    (fnln), providing services and support for people and their families and carers with permanent and significant disabilities. Funded by Federal government.
  • Requirements
    under 65, aus cit, permanent (resident) or severe disability, reduces your ability to participate effectively in activities - social and economic, NDIS support for rest of life.
  • Individualised plan
    access mainstream services and support like doctors, teachers, legal system. Access community services and supports-sports clubs, libraries. Maintaining informal support arrangements like family and friends. And receive reasonable and necessary funded supports like stairs, taxi.
  • Community services effect HWB
    accessing community centre like library, leisure, school can increase intellect, satisfying and enduring friendships and building muscle and lung capacity, sense of purpose and belonging effect HWB dimensions.

  • SUSTAINABILITY hhd

    The capacity of the Australian health system to provide a workforce and infrastructure such as facilities and equipment into the future.
  • promote sustainability within the health system

    Ensuring adequate funding and regulation, pbs, reviewing medicines for greatest benefit. Phi having incentives. funding is stringent for efficient use of funds, trained staff(ing), records.

  • Close the gap
    2008, life expectancy in generation, halve u5mr, literacy, y12 attainment, employment, all 4 yo's ecc. By 2020.
  • Income classifications
    Countries are classified as low-, middle- (upper and lower) or high- income based on gross national income per capita. This allows for comparisons to be made between population groups and for more efficient efforts to be made in improving health and wellbeing.
  • Extreme Poverty
    Relates to those living on less that US$1.90 per day.
  • Environmental characteristics of countries
    Safe water and sanitation; food security; housing; infrastructure; carbon dioxide emissions;
  • Safe water
    Water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, or chemicals such as lead and mercury.
  • Sanitation
    The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. Adequate sanitation requires a flushing toilet or covered latrine and hygienic removal or containment of the waste product.
  • Impact of sanitation on health status
    Adequate sanitation facilities reduce the risk of open defecation in bodies of water, street gutters or open areas, which can contribute to contamination of water supplies and thus the spread of communicable disease. Adequate sanitation also promotes education and employment opportunity, as individuals are not inhibited from working productively due to disease or illness, or due to the need to walk potentially long and dangerous journeys to collect water, or lack of sanitation facilities in schools.