hhd uni34 Test and Flashcards

Subjective

Indigenous Australians often relate optimal health and wellbeing to having a strong connection to the land and their past.

illness i

v subjective concept related to negative, personal experience of a disease

disease

physical or mental disturbance involving symptoms, dysfunction or tissue damage

Dynamic hwb

concepts of hwb and illness are dynamic thus constantly changing over time. It gradual and expected illness like heart disease developed from (bad phwb) decades of unhealthy eating habits and lack of exercise ), recovry from disease, injury, medication surgery, relieve aliment and heal, goodphwb.

Subject health and wellbeing

many different ways HWB is viewed thus subjective through personal attributes like age, gender, experiences, etc.. Personal ex, beliefs. high threshold for pain may not view illness may view illness as the presence of any disease,

Spiritual health and wellbeing

Relates to ideas, beliefs, arising the mind and conscience. Feel hope, peace, a guiding sense of meaning.

Social health and wellbeing

ability to form meaningful and satisfying relationships with others, to manage or adapt appropriately to different social situations.

Physical health and wellbeing

physically able to perform daily activities without restrictions maintain body weight, physical fitness. Eating well, energy, reduce weight

Emotion health & wellbeing

the positive management and expression of emotional activities and reactions, to display resilience.

Mental health and wellbeing

the state of a person's mind or brain and to think and process information. make decisions and use logic.

Interrelations

all dimension of hwb are related and affect each other, all need to achieve op hwb.

Phwb inter

energy, may go out with friends ^ relat (s), daily tasks ^ feel good x self esteem (m). Sick may feel anger and fear (s), participate, belonging (s).

Social inter

friends, share probs, - stress (m). Be yourself, learn respond well to €. Bonds, feel connected to world (s).

Mental inter

stress better immune (p), optismism, + way, ^ relat(M), reasoning, cleary judge (emotion), 4chan (s).

Emotional inter

process emotion, self e^, resilience, connection (sp).

Spiritual inter

comm, body weight (p), society connected+, ^ self e (m) and friends (m), empathy €.

Eh exp

breakup, cry stress, no appetite, less energy (P). Emotion, resilience.

op hwb

highest level of health and wellbeing an individual can realistically attain at any particular time influenced by different genetic potentials and environment

Op Hwb resource individually

increases the ability of individuals to live free from pain and concentrate on activities that improve their lives such as studying, working and socialising, vice versa. Better sleep, work productively, spend time with friends.

Op Hwb resource individually

Reducing stress and anxiety in the community, less reliance on the health care system, work productivity

Op Hwb resource globally

vaccines, water sanitation and access, pe schools, cancer prevention leads to health savings, less social benefits relience, higher incomes.

Prerequisties for health

1986 WHO ottaw charter, PESSSIFES. Peace, equity, social justice, sustainable resources, stable ecosystem, income, food, education and shelter.

Morbidity, daly = yll +yld

Refers to level of ill health in an individual or population. Incidence and prevalence, asthma, overweight rates, etc. daly is a measure Years of life lost due to premature death, le - age at death. + disability or disease

Health adjusted life expectancy (HALE)

A measure of burden of disease based on life expectancy at birth minus time spent in poor health.

Infant mortality rate

measures the rate of deaths of infants between birth and their first birthday (usually given per 1000 live births)

Maternal mortality

Relates to the deaths of mothers as a result of pregnancy or childbirth, up to six weeks after delivery

(U5MR)

measures the number of children that die before their fifth birthday, 1000 live births. -

Psychological distress

relates to unpleasant feelings that affects someone's functioning.

Core activity limitation

when an individual has difficulty with selfcare, mobility, or communication

Chronic condition

any disease or condition that lasts a long time

Smoking

refers to a practice in which a substance (eg. tobacco) is burned and the resulting smoke is inhaled to be tasted and absorbed into the bloodstream. Can also include cannabis and other drugs.

Smoking effects

faults in cells, dividing, ^ tumors, many kinds of cancer. Pregnancy, risk low brith weight, underdevelopment immune, ^ infections like pneumonia. Trigger Airway muscles tighten, diffuclty breathing asthma. contributing to morbidity or leading cause of YLD

Alcohol

HBMI, high kj and energy, weight gain, obesity. ^ mouth throat cancers are influenced by amount of alcohol. Leading cause of premature death, ^ mortality, daly, le. Acting impulsively and risk taking, leads drink driving and aggression, ^ mort and morb from injury & violence. 5.1 of BOD.

Binge drinking

drinking seven or more standard drinks for males or five or more standard drinks for females on one occasion.

alcohol misuse

excessive consumption of alcohol and includes alcoholism & bd. Over time, indicate alcohol use disorder

alcohol use disorder

medical diagnosis to describe a person or persons with an alcohol problem.

Body mass index (BMI) provides a height

to-weight ratio and is calculated using the formula of kg/h in m^2. 18-24 healthy. 30 obese

under consumption of vegetables

Vegetables are nutrient dense. This means they are high in nutrients such as minerals, fibre & vitamins.

Risk undernourished mother like folate,

increased risk of neural tube defects, increasing morbidity and YLD for kids. Antioxidant reduce impact of harmful free redicals thus cancer and cvd thus mortality, le, premature death, YLL.

under consumption of fruit

same des as veg and causes mouth and oesophageal cancer. low in energy (kj).

under consumption of dairy foods

food products made from animal milk. Calcium mineral, strength bones & teeth. Osteoporosis is porous bones, thin bone density, leads to facture and breaks. YLD, daly.

Biological Factors

factors relating to the body that impact on health and wellbeing, such as genetics, body weight, blood pressure, cholesterol levels, birth weight.

Environmental Factors

the physical surroundings in which we live, work and play. This includes workplaces, housing, roads and geographical access to resources such as healthcare.

sociocultural factors

include socioeconomic status (SES), unemployment, social exclusion, social isolation, cultural norms, food security, early life experiences, and access to culturally appropriate, affordable healthcare.

Foetal alcohol spectrum disorder

a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. Problems that may occur in babies exposed to alcohol before birth include low birth weight, distinctive facial features, heart defects, behavioural problems and intellectual disability.

Food insecurity

when healthy, affordable food is not obtainable

Food security

'the state in which all persons obtain nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food regularly through local non-emergency sources'

Health literacy

the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process, and understand basic health information and services needed to make appropriate health decisions

Infastructure

the physical and organisational structures, facilities and systems (e.g. buildings, roads, power supplies) needed for the operation of a society

Menopause

when the menstrual cycle stops permanently, ending the ability of a female to reproduce

Sanitation

the process of eliminating contact between humans and hazardous wastes, including human and animal faeces, solid wastes, domestic wastewater (sewage, grey water), industrial wastes and agricultural wastes

Social exclusion

the segregation that people experience if they are not adequately participating in the society in which they live

Social isolation

refers to individuals who are not in regular contact with others

Infectious diseases, Parasitic diseases

caused by micro-organisms like bacteria, viruses, parasites or fungi, directly or indirectly, from one person to another. worms, skin mites, body lice and protozoa body through contaminated food or water, or human contact.

Injury and poisoning

motor vehicle accidents, suicide, assault, etc. halved since 1900, seatbelts decreased 1970's rate. War deaths not included.

Old public health

major causes of morbidity and mortality from infectious diseases resulted in u5mr, low life expectancy. Very poor sanitation facilitates, minimal clean water. Overcrowded, poor-quality housing. So cholera, tuberculosis were prevalent.

Old public health policies and practice

improved water and sanitation. Mass immunisation programs, better quality food and nutrition.

Policies and practice

government funded sanitation, quarantine laws, elimination of housing slums, improved food and nutrition.

Elimination of housing slums and intro of better quality housing

required houses to have drains connected to sewerage or cesspit.

improved food and nutrition

production safety, from, pure foods act 1905. refrigeration, school milk program.

Discovery of vaccines

mass vaccination 1930s diphtheria, 1939 tb. Whooping cough in babies.

Shift to health promotion

during 50s and 60s, making people aware of tobacco smoking, poor diet, excessive alcohol consumption.

Biomedical health approach

concerned with ddi, ill people, quick fix, technology to diagnose and cure disease, and on the services provided by doctors, specialists and hospitals.

Advances

penicillin as a form antibiotics reducing morb and mort from infections.

Cv system disease

1910, stethoscope to measure bp. Antihypertensive drugs.

Ad vs dis of biomed

extends life expectancy, quality of life doesn't address underlying issues and affordability.

New public/social health

diseases occurring from lifestyle like smoking, obesity having more community action. Some conditions are genetic, good focus on overall HWB. - address inequities in health status in SES and environmental factors.

five action areas of the Ottawa Charter

build healthy public policy tax on alc & tobacco, create supportive environments quitline, strengthen community action (a common goal), develop personal skills edu & reorient health services like hp.

Health care system

public like Medicare, pbs and ndis. Private like phi, privvy hospitals.

Medicare

Australia's universal health insurance system, aims to provides affordable healthcare in the public health system to all citizens, permanent residents and people from countries with reciprocal agreements. Funded by federal government.

Medical cover

Consultations for General Practitioners, specialists, x-rays, etc. but not ambulance services, home nursing care, and allied health treatments.

Medicare safety net

ensures that people who's patient co-payments reach 495.6, receive 100 back for scheudle fee for out of hospital services from medicare

pbs Safety net Ne

pbs medicine 1457 becomes $42.50 after and $6.80 for concession

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES of medicare

no choice of doctor in hospital, waiting list, available to all aussies, most of fees covered.

Bulk billing

when you don't pay for a gp consultation, and they receive sf only.

Schedule fee

Medicare pays ($34.60) for a GP's visit regardless of the GP's consultation fee - the rest is co-payment . And in public hospitals the cost is fully covered and 75 percent in private hospital.

Medicare levy

>$20k salary, additional 2 per cent tax

Levy Surcharge

>$90k or $180k as couple, with no private health insurance, additional 1 to 1.5 per cent. To reduce demand on public healthcare system.

Pbs

Aim is to provide essential medicines at a subsidized price to all Australians regardless of their ability to pay and provides financial. support like the safety net and cnceisson rate. Funded by federal government.

Bulk billing

is when a doctor the schedule fee for the full GP consultation, Medicare directly pay the doctor instead, 38.40 dollars.

Patient co payments

the payment made by the consumer for healthcare good and services.

Private health insurance

an insurance that helps pay for services not covered by Medicare in forms of a premium like for private hospital cover.

The gap

the costs that exceed the payout from the insurance company.

Advantages and disadvantages priv

choice of doctor in pub/priv hospital, shorter waiting time for elective surgery, incentive, costly premiums, qualifying periods like condition like asthma. Complex policy

Premium

the amount paid total for phi including hospital and extras. Age based discount, and surcharge.

Private health rebate

income test done for rebate, under 90k 30 per cent rebate

Lifetime health cover

take up phi after 31 pay 2% extra for ppremiums for each year over, so 40 is 20% per cent more.

NDIS

(fnln), providing services and support for people and their families and carers with permanent and significant disabilities. Funded by Federal government.

Requirements

under 65, aus cit, permanent (resident) or severe disability, reduces your ability to participate effectively in activities - social and economic, NDIS support for rest of life.

Individualised plan

access mainstream services and support like doctors, teachers, legal system. Access community services and supports-sports clubs, libraries. Maintaining informal support arrangements like family and friends. And receive reasonable and necessary funded supports like stairs, taxi.

Community services effect HWB

accessing community centre like library, leisure, school can increase intellect, satisfying and enduring friendships and building muscle and lung capacity, sense of purpose and belonging effect HWB dimensions.

SUSTAINABILITY hhd

The capacity of the Australian health system to provide a workforce and infrastructure such as facilities and equipment into the future.

promote sustainability within the health system

Ensuring adequate funding and regulation, pbs, reviewing medicines for greatest benefit. Phi having incentives. funding is stringent for efficient use of funds, trained staff(ing), records.

Close the gap

2008, life expectancy in generation, halve u5mr, literacy, y12 attainment, employment, all 4 yo's ecc. By 2020.

Income classifications

Countries are classified as low-, middle- (upper and lower) or high- income based on gross national income per capita. This allows for comparisons to be made between population groups and for more efficient efforts to be made in improving health and wellbeing.

Extreme Poverty

Relates to those living on less that US$1.90 per day.

Environmental characteristics of countries

Safe water and sanitation; food security; housing; infrastructure; carbon dioxide emissions;

Safe water

Water that is not contaminated with disease-causing pathogens such as viruses and bacteria, or chemicals such as lead and mercury.

Sanitation

The provision of facilities and services for the safe disposal of urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of hygienic conditions through services such as garbage collection and wastewater disposal. Adequate sanitation requires a flushing toilet or covered latrine and hygienic removal or containment of the waste product.

Impact of sanitation on health status

Adequate sanitation facilities reduce the risk of open defecation in bodies of water, street gutters or open areas, which can contribute to contamination of water supplies and thus the spread of communicable disease. Adequate sanitation also promotes education and employment opportunity, as individuals are not inhibited from working productively due to disease or illness, or due to the need to walk potentially long and dangerous journeys to collect water, or lack of sanitation facilities in schools.

Impact of poverty on health status

Poverty reduces tax revenue and the capacity of the government to improve health status through healthcare, education, clean water, social protection and shelter. Disparity of wealth may lead to double-burden of disease involving wealth- and poverty- related diseases. Poverty leads to inability to access food security, safe water, sanitation, healthcare and shelter.

Impact of racial/religious/sexual orientation/gender identity discrimination on health status

Separation of history, location, culture or language as well as racism and discrimination may lead to exclusion from society, healthcare services, education, political affairs, employment and housing. Displacement to within or outside of one's country leads to poverty and inability to access resources. Increased risk of CVD, violence and injury, mental illness and low birth weight. Individuals may be arrested or killed for their religious views or sexual orientation.

Marketing and distribution of tobacco/alcohol

Smoking rates and alcohol consumption in high-income countries have reduced due to increased education and regulations, and tobacco and alcohol companies have therefore moved to targeting low- and middle- income countries in order to compensate for this lost revenue. These low- and middle- income countries also exhibit looser regulations regarding pricing, age restrictions, advertisements and contents of alcohol and tobacco, and feature a higher rate of population growth, presenting a larger audience for product sales. Low- and middle- income countries may also lack the healthcare services to treat tobacco- and alcohol- related diseases, and individuals may spend money on tobacco and alcohol which may otherwise be used to obtain essential resources such as nutritious food, shelter, education and healthcare necessary for a decent standard of living.

Marketing and distribution of processed foods

Increases in urbanisation and affordability have resulted in abandonment of traditional low-fat diets in exchange for diets high in processed foods such as chips and biscuits, often high in saturated fat, salt and sugar. This contributes to a double-burden of disease of wealth- and poverty- related communicable and non-communicable diseases in many low- and middle- income countries.

Economic sustainability

Ensuring that average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of living and continue to rise in line with inflation and costs of living into the future. This involves regulation of diversity and innovation, employment, trade and economic growth.

Social sustainability

Creating an equitable society that meets the needs of all citizens and can be maintained indefinitely. Social sustainability focuses on health and wellbeing and ensures that all people have their human rights upheld, can participate in the society in which they live and the decisions that affect their lives, and experience equal access to resources such as food, shelter, This is achieved through elimination of poverty and the provision of social protection, gender equality, access safe and decent working conditions, promotion of political and legal rights and peace and stability.

Environmental sustainability

Ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future. This involves using natural resources only at a rate that allows them to be replenished for future generations through regulation of biodiversity, use of natural resources, waste removal and pollution and climate change.

Human development

Creating an environment in which people can develop to their full potential and lead productive, creative lives according to their needs and interests. It is about expanding people's choices to enhance capabilities (the range of things people can be and do) having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living, and participating in the life of their community and the decisions affecting their lives.

Human development index

A tool developed by the un which seeks to measure and rank countries levels of social and economic development. It is based on 3 dimensions; access to knowledge, a decent standard of living and a long and healthy life, and is measured using 4 indicators; mean years of schooling, expected years of schooling, life expectancy at birth and gross national income per capita. A 0 to 1, 1 is higher level of development.

Advantages of the human development index

Useful in comparing the overall human development experienced in each country and in raising global awareness of the importance of human development; is based on broader dimensions than just economic factors; demonstrates improvements to any or all aspects of human development over time.

Limitations of the human development index

Based on averages and does not take into account disparities or inequities, No survey data are collected in the HDI, so people's feelings about their lives and issues, No dimesion data on freedom, safety, choice.

Global trends

Patterns of social, economic and environmental activity that will have an effect at some stage in the future and require action to be taken on a global scale.

Climate change

Levels of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide have increased over the industrial age due to due burning of fossil fuels for energy production. These greenhouse gases trap the sun's heat energy and increase global temperatures, leading to melting of ice, ocean expansion, changing weather patterns and more extreme weather events. Climate change impairs water and air quality and access to food and shelter, leads to heat stress, malaria, malnutrition and diarrhoea.

Conflict

Increasing levels of conflict and terrorism have lead to displacement, violation of humanitarian law, deliberate bombings of healthcare facilities, siege and starvation.

Mass migration

Conflict may mean that people must migrate to seek refuge in another country or may be internally displaced due to persecution, violence, conflict or human rights violation.

World trade

Allows for sharing of resources, skills, technology and ideas, promotes competition and innovation of industries, and increases job opportunity, particularly for women in areas such as clothing. Multinational companies may however exploit deregulation of working conditions and pay in some lower-income countries, or use harmful pesticides at the expense of the environment.

Digital technology

Increased availability and affordability of mobile technology has increased usage globally, even in the most rural and remote areas. Provides a source of social connectedness, monitoring of population statistics Provides SMS notifications regarding natural disasters, online health information for improved health literacy and collaborative healthcare.

Aid

assistance given to countries or communities in the event of a crisis or for the development of long-term sustainable improvements

Bilateral aid

the provision of aid from the government of one country to the government of another country

Emergency aid

rapid assistance given to people or countries in immediate distress to relieve suffering during

Governance

the structures and processes that are designed to ensure accountability, transparency, rule of law,

inclusiveness and broad

based participation in society

Multilateral aid

aid provided through an international organisation, such as the World Bank, United Nations or

Non government organisation (NGO) aid

- NGOs take different approaches to aid, which can include specific

Official Development Assistance (ODA)

financial assistance provided by donor government agencies to low/mid income countries or to multilateral aid agencies.

Dfat

focus on promoting human and strength private sector development. 0.22 contributed

official Development Assistance (ODA)

to several countries. Figure 12.10 highlights the many areas in the world where DFAT is providing assistance. Given its proximity to Australia, the Indo-Pacific region is the focus of Australia's aid program

Aid partnership

ngo, ml and bl org, private sector partnership like westpac corporate provide small loans for female owned business in low middle income countries. In line with priority Microfinance, sanitation, schools

Agriculture, fisheries, water, Gender equality

strengthening markets, innovation, productivity, effective policies. women economic empowerment, leadership, reduce femicide

Polio eradication/ end polio campaign

Whats rotary: clubs everywhere, idk what they do . They became partners in the humaniarian project with the WHO.

What is polio?

caused by poliovirus.

Effect

has can vary from nothing through to death, the first time effects gi track, seoncd affecting the nerve system, causing motor issues, attacks spinal, become particle-paralysed. Then in the legs is acute flaccid paralysis.

Contamination

via faeces, or touch event and vaccine derived polio types

Vaccination

John Salk created the first vaccination of polio, but never patented it to get royalties. Sabin oral which is twicked version of polio itself, usually to kids.

The increase in Afghanistan in Pakistan

usually in border region was due to misinformation with colluded polio and covid information, political turmoil, threats to workers.

Flashcards: hhd uni34