cgfrazi-
What 5 things Makes a tree?
A combination of the following:
- Perennial, Woody plant that is stuck together using lignin
- 15-20 ft tall or larger
- single trunk unbranched for several feet
- mostly defined crown
- Deal with long-term climate
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What are trees good for?
- Ecosystem Services, Including:
- Carbon sequestering
- Air FIltering
- Provide Wood
- Provide Food
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What is a Gymnosperm?
"Naked Seed"
Not an enclosed Seed, ovule exposed during pollination
MOSTLY Evergreens and Conifers (not always)
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What is an Angiosperm?
Flowering Plants
Ovule in ovary at pollination
Ovary--> Fruit
Evergreen or deciduous
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Label the Following Leaf Types:
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Sun Leaves(Right) Vs Shade Leaves (Left)
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TL: Incised Lobing
TR: Cleft Lobing
BL: LobedBR: Palmate Lobing
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Glabrous
Smooth
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Pubescent
Soft, Fine Hair
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Tomentose
Matted, Wooly Hair
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Scabrous
Sandpaper-Like (Rough)
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Glaucous
White/Waxy (Common Underside)
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Rugose
Sunken Veins
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Scaly
Scales Present
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Coriaceous
Thick and Leathery (Common with Evergreens)
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Papery
Thin, Membranous
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Petiole Lengths
Sessile, Short, and Long
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Primary Growth
Growth from shoots and root tips (Vertical)
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Secondary Growth
Increases in Diameter (Horizontal)
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Where Does Growth Occur?
Meristems
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Primary Growth Meristem? Found in Roots and Shoots
Apical
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Secondary Growth Meristem? Found in Cambium
Lateral
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Excurrent Growth
Prolonged along main axis/trunk, Strong Apical Dominance, Upward Growth Prioritized
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Decurrent Growth
Irregular Growth Pattern, No Defined Main Axis, Weak Apical Dominance
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Determinate (Fixed) Growth
Stems/leaves formed in bud, overwinter in bud, then expand and elongate the next year, has true terminal bud, straight twigs
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Indeterminate (Free) Growth
Tissues produced at apical meristems throughout growing season, only stops when conditions are unfavorable, portion of twig beyond last lateral bud dies, pseudo terminal bud exists
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Bole
Main Stem of a sapling
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What is Wood?
Structural Tissue of Woody Plants
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What is wood composed of?
Cellulose fibers, Lignin, and Xylem
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Sapwood
Active Xylem Cells
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Heartwood
Inactive Xylem Cells
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What are Roots?
Extension of aboveground tissues
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How much of Plants biomass is below ground?
~ 50%
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Name the Three Root Types
Tap Root, Fibrous Root, and Adventitious Root
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Where does a root originate?
Radicle of seed
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Four zones of a Root?
1. Root Cap
2. Zone of Cell Division
3. Zone of Elongation
4. Zone of Maturation
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Root Cap
- Unique to Root, no stem equivalent
- Two Cell types, Inner columella and outer lateral root cap cells
- Primary job is to protect the sensitive tissues within
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Zone of Cell Division
- An apical meristem, focuses on creation/division of new cells
- cells divide every 12-36 hours
- cells are called daughter cells
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Zone of Elongation
- In this zone the daughter cells rapidly extend to become more longer than horizontal
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Zone of Maturation
- At this point, the "Daughter" cells mature to become a specified cell type within the root system.
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Root Epidermis
Outer layer of cells in a root
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Root Hairs
Growth from root epidermis that help in gathering of minerals
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Cortex
- next layer after epidermis, stores food and water
- inner layer makes up endodermis
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Stele
- Core of root
- Outer layer is the pericycle
- Xylem exists within, transporting water
- Phloem also exists, transporting carbs
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Modified Roots
Aerial
Adventitious
Buttress
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Mutualism Symbiosis
- Mycotrophy: Nutrient uptake using mycorrhizae
- Mycorrhizae: symbiotic association of mycorrhizal fungi and tree roots
- Plant provides carbohydrates to fungi
- Fungi enhance the distance that a root system has access to resources within the soil
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N Fixation
Nitrogen Fixers
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