What 5 things Makes a tree?
A combination of the following:
- Perennial, Woody plant that is stuck together using lignin
- 15-20 ft tall or larger
- single trunk unbranched for several feet
- mostly defined crown
- Deal with long-term climate
What are trees good for?
- Ecosystem Services, Including:
- Carbon sequestering
- Air FIltering
- Provide Wood
- Provide Food
What is a Gymnosperm?
"Naked Seed"
Not an enclosed Seed, ovule exposed during pollination
MOSTLY Evergreens and Conifers (not always)
What is an Angiosperm?
Flowering Plants
Ovule in ovary at pollination
Ovary--> Fruit
Evergreen or deciduous
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Sun Leaves(Right) Vs Shade Leaves (Left)
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TL: Incised Lobing
TR: Cleft Lobing
BL: LobedBR: Palmate Lobing
Glabrous
Smooth
Pubescent
Soft, Fine Hair
Tomentose
Matted, Wooly Hair
Scabrous
Sandpaper-Like (Rough)
Glaucous
White/Waxy (Common Underside)
Rugose
Sunken Veins
Scaly
Scales Present
Coriaceous
Thick and Leathery (Common with Evergreens)
Papery
Thin, Membranous
Petiole Lengths
Sessile, Short, and Long
Primary Growth
Growth from shoots and root tips (Vertical)
Secondary Growth
Increases in Diameter (Horizontal)
Where Does Growth Occur?
Meristems
Primary Growth Meristem? Found in Roots and Shoots
Apical
Secondary Growth Meristem? Found in Cambium
Lateral
Excurrent Growth
Prolonged along main axis/trunk, Strong Apical Dominance, Upward Growth Prioritized
Decurrent Growth
Irregular Growth Pattern, No Defined Main Axis, Weak Apical Dominance
Determinate (Fixed) Growth
Stems/leaves formed in bud, overwinter in bud, then expand and elongate the next year, has true terminal bud, straight twigs
Indeterminate (Free) Growth
Tissues produced at apical meristems throughout growing season, only stops when conditions are unfavorable, portion of twig beyond last lateral bud dies, pseudo terminal bud exists
Bole
Main Stem of a sapling
What is Wood?
Structural Tissue of Woody Plants
What is wood composed of?
Cellulose fibers, Lignin, and Xylem
Sapwood
Active Xylem Cells
Heartwood
Inactive Xylem Cells
What are Roots?
Extension of aboveground tissues
How much of Plants biomass is below ground?
~ 50%
Name the Three Root Types
Tap Root, Fibrous Root, and Adventitious Root
Where does a root originate?
Radicle of seed
Four zones of a Root?
1. Root Cap
2. Zone of Cell Division
3. Zone of Elongation
4. Zone of Maturation
Root Cap
- Unique to Root, no stem equivalent
- Two Cell types, Inner columella and outer lateral root cap cells
- Primary job is to protect the sensitive tissues within
Zone of Cell Division
- An apical meristem, focuses on creation/division of new cells
- cells divide every 12-36 hours
- cells are called daughter cells
Zone of Elongation
- In this zone the daughter cells rapidly extend to become more longer than horizontal
Zone of Maturation
- At this point, the "Daughter" cells mature to become a specified cell type within the root system.
Root Epidermis
Outer layer of cells in a root
Root Hairs
Growth from root epidermis that help in gathering of minerals
Cortex
- next layer after epidermis, stores food and water
- inner layer makes up endodermis
Stele
- Core of root
- Outer layer is the pericycle
- Xylem exists within, transporting water
- Phloem also exists, transporting carbs
Modified Roots
Aerial
Adventitious
Buttress
Mutualism Symbiosis
- Mycotrophy: Nutrient uptake using mycorrhizae
- Mycorrhizae: symbiotic association of mycorrhizal fungi and tree roots
- Plant provides carbohydrates to fungi
- Fungi enhance the distance that a root system has access to resources within the soil
N Fixation
Nitrogen Fixers
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