chapter 21

_________ __________ and ___________ ___________ are the two forms of innate defenses

_________ ________ are the first line of defense comprised of _____ ______ and __________

___________ __________ are the second line of defense and called into action whenever ___________ _________ have been penetrated, they utilize ___________, fever, antimicrobial proteins, ______________ and ________ _______ cells

___________________

3rd line of defense

Takes _________ to mount than the innate defense response

_________ and ________ immunity 

Attacks identified foreign substances

____________ ___________ are the 3rd line of defense and takes longer to mount than the _______ defense response, it is comprised of ________ and __________ immunity that attack identified foreign substances

Humoral immunity utilizes ___ _____

Cellular Immunity utilizes __ ______

_______________________________________

Occurs on the first exposure to a particular antigen

________________________________________

Occurs on each subsequent exposure to a particular antigen

Primary Immune response 1/4

________ __________ where an ______ binds to a ____________ on a specific __ ___________, B cells without complementary receptors stay ___________

Primary Immune response 2/4

___________ to form a ______ of the activated __ _____

Primary Immune response 3/4

Cells of the _______ differentiate into ________ _______ which are

________-___________ effector cells

Primary Immune response 4/4

Clone cells that do not become plasma cells become long-lived __________ ____ which can mount an almost immediate _________ ___________ if the same ________ is encountered again in the future

Secondary Immune Response (1/2)

1. Clones of __________ __ ______ from __________ __________ ___________ is primed to respond to ________ __________

Secondary Immune Response (2/2)

2. Secondary response is larger and more rapid

more _______ _______

more ___________

more _________ __ ____

____________ are immune system cells that ____________ foreign invaders in tissues

Immune system cells

________________

Kills parasitic worms 

Complex role in allergies and asthma 

Immune system cells

________________

phagocytize foreign invaders 

Immune system cells

__________ _______ ______

Kills _________ cells

Kills virus-infected body cells _________ the immune system is activated

Not phagocytic 

Kill with direct contact that induces programmed cell death ____________

Secretes chemicals that enhance the _____________ ___________ 

Phagocytosis 1/5

 ___________ ___________ bind with debris or _____________

Phagocytosis 2/5

2. _____________ form ________________ that eventually ________ the particles to form a _____________

Phagocytosis 3/5

3. _____________ fuses with the _________ to form a ________________

Phagocytosis 4/5

4. Toxic compounds and ____________ _________ destroy ___________

Phagocytosis 5/5 

5. Sometimes ___________ of the ________ removes indigestible and residual materials

Four Cardinal Signs of Inflammation 

Signs to tell if acute inflammation is present

________

_____

________

_____

Benefits of Inflammation 1/3

1. __________ the spread of damaging agents to nearby ______ by disposing of cell debris and _____________

Benefits of Inflammation 2/3

2. Alerts the __________ ___________ ____________

Benefits of Inflammation 3/3

3. sets the stage for __________

_________

Abnormally high body temperature, a systemic response to invading microorganisms

____________ and ____________ are exposed to ________ _____________ in the body

They release chemicals  

_________ act on the __________________ to raise the body’s temperature above normal

Benefits of a fever 1/2

Causes _____ and ______ to hold on to ___ and ____

Makes them____ __________ to support ________ _______

Benefits of a fever 2/2

Speeds up the ________ _____ of _______ ____

Speeds up the _______ _________

Harms of a fever

____ ________ can ________ protein structures 

_________ and other body proteins

__________

Substance that provokes an immune response in the body

Among the cell surface proteins that identify a cell as ___ is this group of glycoproteins called _____ __________

Millions of possible combinations make it unlikely for any two people other than identical twins to have the same proteins

Each _______________ has a deep groove that holds 1 of 2 peptides

_____-______

_______-______

memory cells provide ________________ ___________

____________ __________ ______

Any several type of cell

 macrophage, dendritic cell, B cell

Antigen Presenting Cell

Engulfs _______

Presents fragments of them on its ________ __________ for recognition by __ _______ through the _________ ___________ ________

_________ ___________

When B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies against them

__________ ________ __________ _____________

Active Immunity is naturally acquired during _______ and ___ infections

During this we develop the signs and __________ of the ______

__________ ___________ _____________ ______________

mother’s ____________ cross the _________ and enter _____ __________ and during breastfeeding after birth

Baby is protected from antigens the mother has been exposed to for several months after birth

__________ _______ ___________ ___________

__ ______ are not challenged by the ______

______________ ____________ does not occur

Protection provided by the _________ ___________ ends when they naturally degrade in the body 

__________ _____________

Instead of being made by plasma cells, the antibodies are obtained from the serum of an immune human or animal donor

__________________________

__________ contain ___________ that are dead or ____________ 

Living but extremely weakened 

benefits of artificially active acquired immunity

Primes the immune system for the stronger ________ _________

Spares the body from having to suffer to acquire __________ _______ _______ __________

Weakened _________ stimulate _______ production and promote __________ ___________