chap 26 pt 2 acid base balance

A _________ __________ is a combination of physiological and chemical systems that control ___ by regulating the amount of ____ or _____ in the body

First line of defense and act within a fraction of a second to resist pH changes

Changes in respiratory rate and depth occur to compensate for acidosis or alkalosis within 1-3 minutes

Most potent buffer system but require hours to a day or more to alter blood pH

brain stem respiratory centers and renal mechanisms are forms of _____________ __________

chemical buffer systems work by binding __________ ___ whenever the pH ____ and releasing them when the pH _____

The chemical buffer system is the result of three major chemical buffer systems in the body including the

1. ______________________

2. ______________________

3. ______________________

Anything that cause a shift in ___________ concentration in one fluid compartment causes a change in others, this allows the entire buffer system to _______ any drifts in ___

How the BBS prevents the pH from becoming too acidic

The most important ECF buffer is the ______________ ______ ________

1. It is a mixture of ___________ _____ and its salt, _________ ____________

2. Carbonic acid is a _____ ____ and does not dissociate to any great extent in _______ or ________ solutions and remains intact when a ________ _______ like hydrochloric acid (HCI) is added to the buffer system

3. _____________ ____ of sodium bicarbonate act as a ______ _______ to take the __________ (H+) released by the stronger acid (HCI) to form more _______ _______

4. Because HCI is converted into the weaker ____________ _____, HCI lowers the ___ of the solution only ________

How the BBS prevents the pH from becoming too alkaline

The most important ECF buffer is the ______________ ______ ________

1. It is a mixture of ___________ _____ and its salt, _________ ____________

2. Any ________ _________ (NaOH) added to the buffer solution does not cause the ______ ______ of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO₃) to dissociate any further despite the _________ conditions

3. The added base forces from the sodium hydroxide causes the ________ ____ to dissociate further donating more __________ to tie up the ____________ (OH-) released by the sodium hydroxide (NaOH)

4. The net result is the ______ ______ (NaHCO₃) replaces the _____ _____ (NaOH) preventing the ___ from majorly _______

The __________ _____ _________ is identical to the bicarbonate buffer system except salts of _____________ __________ (NaH₂PO₄) acts as the weak acid and _______________ ________ (Na₂HPO₄) acts as the weak base

The __________ _______ _______ is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma, it is more effect as a buffer in the _______ and ______ where ___________ concentrations are usually higher

The __________ ______ ________ is formed from proteins in plasma and in cells, it has 3/4 of all the buffering power of ____ due to the buffering power of _________ _______

Protein buffer system (1)

Proteins are polymers of linked _______ _____, some of them have exposed side chains of atoms called ___________ _______ (⎻COOH) which are organic acid groups that release _______________ when the ___ rises to prevent the solution from becoming too ________

Protein buffer system (2)

Other ________ _____ have exposed groups like ⎻NH₂ that can act as _____ and accept __________ to prevent the solution from becoming too _______

Protein buffer system (3)

Both exposed groups that accept and release _____________ allow a single protein molecule to function as either an ____ or a _____ depending on the ___ of its environment, this is known as an _______________ __________

_________ is whenever the pH of arterial blood drops below _____

________ is whenever the pH of arterial blood rises above ______

Shallow breathing (hypoventilation)  or when gas exchange is hampered leading to falling blood pH and rising P_co2

Low blood pH and HCO₃⁻ levels

This formula represents the ___________ ____________ __ ____________

The goal of the respiratory system is to eliminate the acid, _____ from the blood while replenishing ____

carbon dioxide enters _______________ in the circulation and is converted to ___________ ___ for transport in the ________

Because of the __________ any increase in any of these chemicals pushes the reaction to the __________ direction

Decreases in blood pH

1. an increase in ______ within the blood activate medullary ___________ via cerebral acidosis and rising plasma ____ concentration excites the __________ _______ indirectly via ____________ _____________

2. This leads to an increase in __________ ____ and _______ ________

3. The increased ___________ leads to more ____ being removed from the blood pushing the reaction to the ______ and reducing __________ concentration

Increases in blood pH

1. _____________ in blood ___ leads to respiratory centers becoming depressed

2. This decreases ___________ ____ and _______ ____________

3. This causes ____ to accumulate and the _____________ is pushed to the _______ as _____________ increases to restore blood pH to the normal range