Flashcards: chap 26 pt 2 acid base balance

A _________ __________ is a combination of physiological and chemical systems that control ___ by regulating the amount of ____ or _____ in the body

First line of defense and act within a fraction of a second to resist pH changes

Changes in respiratory rate and depth occur to compensate for acidosis or alkalosis within 1-3 minutes

Most potent buffer system but require hours to a day or more to alter blood pH

brain stem respiratory centers and renal mechanisms are forms of _____________ __________

chemical buffer systems work by binding __________ ___ whenever the pH ____ and releasing them when the pH _____

The chemical buffer system is the result of three major chemical buffer systems in the body including the

1. ______________________

2. ______________________

3. ______________________

Anything that cause a shift in ___________ concentration in one fluid compartment causes a change in others, this allows the entire buffer system to _______ any drifts in ___

The __________ _____ _________ is identical to the bicarbonate buffer system except salts of _____________ __________ (NaH₂PO₄) acts as the weak acid and _______________ ________ (Na₂HPO₄) acts as the weak base

The __________ _______ _______ is relatively unimportant for buffering blood plasma, it is more effect as a buffer in the _______ and ______ where ___________ concentrations are usually higher

The __________ ______ ________ is formed from proteins in plasma and in cells, it has 3/4 of all the buffering power of ____ due to the buffering power of _________ _______

Protein buffer system (1)

Proteins are polymers of linked _______ _____, some of them have exposed side chains of atoms called ___________ _______ (⎻COOH) which are organic acid groups that release _______________ when the ___ rises to prevent the solution from becoming too ________

Protein buffer system (2)

Other ________ _____ have exposed groups like ⎻NH₂ that can act as _____ and accept __________ to prevent the solution from becoming too _______

Protein buffer system (3)

Both exposed groups that accept and release _____________ allow a single protein molecule to function as either an ____ or a _____ depending on the ___ of its environment, this is known as an _______________ __________

_________ is whenever the pH of arterial blood drops below _____

________ is whenever the pH of arterial blood rises above ______

Shallow breathing (hypoventilation)  or when gas exchange is hampered leading to falling blood pH and rising P_co2

Low blood pH and HCO₃⁻ levels

Increases in blood pH

1. _____________ in blood ___ leads to respiratory centers becoming depressed

2. This decreases ___________ ____ and _______ ____________

3. This causes ____ to accumulate and the _____________ is pushed to the _______ as _____________ increases to restore blood pH to the normal range