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Two Categories of Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Gross anatomy
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Gross Anatomy Subdisciplines
Comparative anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Embryology
Regional anatomySurface anatomy
Systemic anatomyPathologic anatomy
Radiographic anatomySurgical anatomy
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Characteristics of Living Organisms
Organization: structural order
Metabolism: chemical reactions
Growth and development: increased size, specialization
Responsiveness: sensation and reaction
Adaptation: alteration to increase reproductive success
Regulation: maintaining homeostasis
Reproduction: at cellular and organismal levels
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11 commonly recognized organ systems
Integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
male and female reproductive
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Anterior vs. posterior
• Superior vs. inferior
•Caudal vs. cranial
• Medial vs. lateral
•Ipsilateral vs. contralateral
•Deep vs. superficial
• Proximal vs. distal
Anterior (ventral, front) vs. posterior (dorsal, back)
• Superior (toward head) vs. inferior (toward feet)
•Caudal (toward tail) vs. cranial (toward head) and rostral (toward nose)
• Medial (toward midline) vs. lateral (away from midline)
•Ipsilateral (same side) vs. contralateral (opposite side)
•Deep (internal) vs. superficial (external)
• Proximal (close to trunk) vs. distal (far from trunk)
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Two main body regions
Axial region
•Head, neck, and trunk
•Vertical axis of body
Appendicular region
•Upper and lower limbs
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Posterior aspect contains
•Cranial cavity: formed by skull bones
•Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column
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Ventral cavity contains
•Thoracic cavity: superior to diaphragm
•Abdominopelvic cavity: inferior to diaphragm; contains two cavities divided by pelvic brim of hip bones
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Parietal layer:
Visceral layer:
Parietal layer: lines internal surface of the body wall
•Visceral layer: covers external surface of specific organs
between is serous fluid
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Median space in thoracic cavity
mediastinum- Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major vessels
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serous membrane around heart and lung in thoracic cavity
Pericardium: around heart
Parietal pericardium, (outside of heart)
pericardial cavity, (serous membrane)
visceral pericardium (inside heart)
Pleura: around lungs
Parietal pleura,
pleural cavity,
visceral pleura
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Membranes of Abdominopelvic Cavity (serous membrane)
Peritoneum: serous membranes around many abdominal organs
•Parietal peritoneum: lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity
•Peritoneal cavity: potential space with serous fluid
•Visceral peritoneum: covers surface of most digestive organs
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Nine abdominopelvic regions
Middle column:
•Epigastric region
•Umbilical region
•Hypogastric region
Right and left hypochondriac regions
Right and left lumbar regions
Right and left iliac regions
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different medical imaging procedures
Radiography•X-rays passed through bodyUltrasound waves passed through body by transducer
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
•Three-dimensional X-ray technique used to view blood vessels
Commuted tomography (CT)
•Low-intensity X-rays passed through body from many angles; computer reconstructs three-dimensional image
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
•Use of electromagnet to affect position and energy of hydrogen atoms
Positron emission tomography (PET)
•Radiolabeled glucose used to analyze metabolic state of a tissue/organ
