Two Categories of Anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
Gross anatomy
Gross Anatomy Subdisciplines
Comparative anatomy
Developmental anatomy
Embryology
Regional anatomySurface anatomy
Systemic anatomyPathologic anatomy
Radiographic anatomySurgical anatomy
Characteristics of Living Organisms
Organization: structural order
Metabolism: chemical reactions
Growth and development: increased size, specialization
Responsiveness: sensation and reaction
Adaptation: alteration to increase reproductive success
Regulation: maintaining homeostasis
Reproduction: at cellular and organismal levels
11 commonly recognized organ systems
Integumentary
skeletal
muscular
nervous
endocrine
cardiovascular
lymphatic
respiratory
digestive
urinary
male and female reproductive
Anterior vs. posterior
• Superior vs. inferior
•Caudal vs. cranial
• Medial vs. lateral
•Ipsilateral vs. contralateral
•Deep vs. superficial
• Proximal vs. distal
Anterior (ventral, front) vs. posterior (dorsal, back)
• Superior (toward head) vs. inferior (toward feet)
•Caudal (toward tail) vs. cranial (toward head) and rostral (toward nose)
• Medial (toward midline) vs. lateral (away from midline)
•Ipsilateral (same side) vs. contralateral (opposite side)
•Deep (internal) vs. superficial (external)
• Proximal (close to trunk) vs. distal (far from trunk)
Two main body regions
Axial region
•Head, neck, and trunk
•Vertical axis of body
Appendicular region
•Upper and lower limbs
Posterior aspect contains
•Cranial cavity: formed by skull bones
•Vertebral canal: formed by vertebral column
Ventral cavity contains
•Thoracic cavity: superior to diaphragm
•Abdominopelvic cavity: inferior to diaphragm; contains two cavities divided by pelvic brim of hip bones
Parietal layer:
Visceral layer:
Parietal layer: lines internal surface of the body wall
•Visceral layer: covers external surface of specific organs
between is serous fluid
Median space in thoracic cavity
mediastinum- Contains heart, thymus, esophagus, trachea, major vessels
serous membrane around heart and lung in thoracic cavity
Pericardium: around heart
Parietal pericardium, (outside of heart)
pericardial cavity, (serous membrane)
visceral pericardium (inside heart)
Pleura: around lungs
Parietal pleura,
pleural cavity,
visceral pleura
Membranes of Abdominopelvic Cavity (serous membrane)
Peritoneum: serous membranes around many abdominal organs
•Parietal peritoneum: lines internal walls of abdominopelvic cavity
•Peritoneal cavity: potential space with serous fluid
•Visceral peritoneum: covers surface of most digestive organs
Nine abdominopelvic regions
Middle column:
•Epigastric region
•Umbilical region
•Hypogastric region
Right and left hypochondriac regions
Right and left lumbar regions
Right and left iliac regions
different medical imaging procedures
Radiography•X-rays passed through bodyUltrasound waves passed through body by transducer
Digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
•Three-dimensional X-ray technique used to view blood vessels
Commuted tomography (CT)
•Low-intensity X-rays passed through body from many angles; computer reconstructs three-dimensional image
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
•Use of electromagnet to affect position and energy of hydrogen atoms
Positron emission tomography (PET)
•Radiolabeled glucose used to analyze metabolic state of a tissue/organ