Hosam Mohamed-
Huntington's Disease
symptoms: abnormal movements (chorea), posture, rapid muscle jerks (myoclonus), changes in behavior, emotion, cognition, hallucinations, and seizures.
Onset: 35-44 years old; Median survival time: 15-18 years after symptom onset
-
mutation in huntington gene; causes triplet-expansion (CAG)
What causes huntington's disease?
-
causes toxic polyglutamine protein aggregation
How does huntington's disease affect cells?
-
Parkinson's disease
-degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia
-
before birth- reduced blood supply to brain, infection, stroke or injury; after birth- temporary asphyxiation, infections, injury
What causes cerebral palsy?
-
serotonin, dopamine, glutamate
Which are the main neurotransmitters at play in regards to schizophrenia?
-
indole hallucinogens (LSD) bind 5-HT 2A & 2C receptors
How do issues with serotonin cause hallucinations?
-
blocking postsynaptic D2 receptors
What is the main course of treating schizophrenia ?
-
DA-R
Individuals with high levels of _______ have been shown in postmortem brains of schizophrenics
-
inhibits NMDA-R
How does glutamate affect schizophrenics?
-
monoamine system
All available antidepressants have significant effects on ____
-
Monoamine hypothesis
deficit in amount or function of the monoamine transmitters, especially 5-HT, NE, and DA in the cortical and limbic systems
-
polymorphism in 5-HT transport gene
What genetic variation leads to an increased risk of depression and suicide?
-
Neurotrophic hypothesis
brain derived neurotrophic factor is reduced in depressed patients
-
Neuroendocrine hypothesis
-alterations in several hormone cascades are associated with depression
-
increased cortisol & low thyroid hormone
According to the neuroendocrine hypothesis, what hormones are associated with depression?
-
increased catecholamine activity
What causes mania in bipolar individuals?
-
decrease dopamine or norepinephrine
How do we treat mania?
-
GABA
A reduction of what nt is responsible for anxiety disorder?
-
sympathetic activation
Objective manifestations are stimulated by ____
-
heightened awareness to thoughts of impending disaster
Subject manifestations are induced by _____
-
Agoraphobia
-extreme or irrational fear of entering open or crowded places, of leaving one's own home, or of being in places from which escape is difficult.
-
Agoraphobia
Panic disorder is often linked with ______
-
Panic Disorder
-often coupled with chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs and symptoms of a life-threatening disease.
-usually last 15-30 minutes and onset is unexpected and not related to external events
-
GAD
-prolonged, excessive worry that is not easily controlled by the person
-symptoms: muscle tension, autonomic hyperactivity, exaggerated startle response, inability to concentrate
-
GABA modulation & modulation of sympathetic signals
What are pharmacological treatments for GAD?
-
excessively; repletion
To be classified as compulsive, the behavior must be repeated ______ and ______ must not be related to any environmental condition.
-
anti-depressants
What are pharmacological treatments for OCD?
-
Dependance
a state in which the individual only functions normally in the presence of the drug
-
Addiction
-a chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry usually related to a substance or an action.
