Huntington's Disease
symptoms: abnormal movements (chorea), posture, rapid muscle jerks (myoclonus), changes in behavior, emotion, cognition, hallucinations, and seizures.
Onset: 35-44 years old; Median survival time: 15-18 years after symptom onset
mutation in huntington gene; causes triplet-expansion (CAG)
What causes huntington's disease?
causes toxic polyglutamine protein aggregation
How does huntington's disease affect cells?
Parkinson's disease
-degeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra of the basal ganglia
before birth- reduced blood supply to brain, infection, stroke or injury; after birth- temporary asphyxiation, infections, injury
What causes cerebral palsy?
serotonin, dopamine, glutamate
Which are the main neurotransmitters at play in regards to schizophrenia?
indole hallucinogens (LSD) bind 5-HT 2A & 2C receptors
How do issues with serotonin cause hallucinations?
blocking postsynaptic D2 receptors
What is the main course of treating schizophrenia ?
DA-R
Individuals with high levels of _______ have been shown in postmortem brains of schizophrenics
inhibits NMDA-R
How does glutamate affect schizophrenics?
monoamine system
All available antidepressants have significant effects on ____
Monoamine hypothesis
deficit in amount or function of the monoamine transmitters, especially 5-HT, NE, and DA in the cortical and limbic systems
polymorphism in 5-HT transport gene
What genetic variation leads to an increased risk of depression and suicide?
Neurotrophic hypothesis
brain derived neurotrophic factor is reduced in depressed patients
Neuroendocrine hypothesis
-alterations in several hormone cascades are associated with depression
increased cortisol & low thyroid hormone
According to the neuroendocrine hypothesis, what hormones are associated with depression?
increased catecholamine activity
What causes mania in bipolar individuals?
decrease dopamine or norepinephrine
How do we treat mania?
GABA
A reduction of what nt is responsible for anxiety disorder?
sympathetic activation
Objective manifestations are stimulated by ____
heightened awareness to thoughts of impending disaster
Subject manifestations are induced by _____
Agoraphobia
-extreme or irrational fear of entering open or crowded places, of leaving one's own home, or of being in places from which escape is difficult.
Agoraphobia
Panic disorder is often linked with ______
Panic Disorder
-often coupled with chest pain, shortness of breath, or other signs and symptoms of a life-threatening disease.
-usually last 15-30 minutes and onset is unexpected and not related to external events
GAD
-prolonged, excessive worry that is not easily controlled by the person
-symptoms: muscle tension, autonomic hyperactivity, exaggerated startle response, inability to concentrate
GABA modulation & modulation of sympathetic signals
What are pharmacological treatments for GAD?
excessively; repletion
To be classified as compulsive, the behavior must be repeated ______ and ______ must not be related to any environmental condition.
anti-depressants
What are pharmacological treatments for OCD?
Dependance
a state in which the individual only functions normally in the presence of the drug
Addiction
-a chronic disease of brain reward, motivation, memory and related circuitry usually related to a substance or an action.