BIO 121L lab exam 2 study materials

Sea squirts or tunicates

Lancelets

Fishes, Amphibians, Non avian reptiles, Reptiles, Mammals

Have a brain surrounded by a skull made of bone or cartilage

must have a backbone column that replaces the notocord

1. A supportive Notocord

2. A dorsal hollow nerve cord laying dorsal to the notochord

3. Pharyngeal slits or pouches in the pharynx (anterior region of the gut)

4. A Tail posterior to the anus

5. Endostyle or thyroid gland

have a single-chambered heart, are marine filter feeders, can be solitary or colonial and are sessile except during a free-living "tadpole-like" larval stage

They have all 5 chordate characteristics during the larval stage

In adult form they have

1. Endostyle (Produces mucus for feeding)

2. Pharyngeal basket (modified slits)

Retain all 5 chordate characteristics throughout the entire lifecycle

have a single-chambered heart, filter feed using cilia and mucus in their pharyngeal slits

Buccal cirri and wheel organ in the pharynx create water currents

Animal of Great evolutionary significance

Buccal cirri are feeding structures found in the oral hood of primitive jawless organisms called amphioxus, also known as lancelets. They are small filaments that are used for mechanical sorting.

the wheel organ is a series of ciliated cells that create water currents to help draw food particles into the mouth for feeding

The Amphioxus is a lancelet

like the urochordate larvae, it filter feeds and has all 5 of the chordate characteristics

They are Lamprey larvae, have a heart with an atrium and a ventricle (like all fish) as well as 2 eyes and a 3 part brain.

It has all 5 chordate characteristics and appears very similar to Amphioxus

Amphioxus has: Buccal cirri, wheel organ

The pineal gland, often referred to as the "third eye", senses light and is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms and the production of melatonin.

squalene in the liver and heterocercal tail

allows water to enter and flow over the gill filaments

Ray-finned bony fish

Cartilaginous fishes

Large toothed jaws

Paired fins

Powerful tail muscles

The evolution of jaws allows the diversification of diets and environments. by being able to grasp, tear and chew food they could grow larger as well as inhabit new environments (like in fish 115 where salmon that eat fish grow larger by being more predatory early vertebrates could grow larger)

Extinct group of jawed fish that likely gave to the rise of condrichthyes

Placoid

heterocercle

fluid filled canals containing sensory cells (Neuromast cells)

can detect low frequency vibrations and currents in water

a male appendage used in copulation

Bony skeleton, Operculum, Swim bladder

and a gas filled structure used to maintain neutral buoyancy

improved the ability of a fish to aerate the gills

helps pump water through the gills

Cycloid and Ctenoid

Expands to surface area of the stomach

similar to the spiral valve intestine in the sharks

Sinus venosus

Atrium

Ventricle

Bulbous arteriosus

The counter-current exchange process allows for efficient oxygen extraction. Water flows over the gill filaments in one direction, while blood flows in the opposite direction. This maintains a gradient that maximizes oxygen diffusion from water to blood.

-> oxygen levels want to balance out between the water and blood

Gill arch

- Provides support to the gill

Gill raker

-Direct food to the esophagus

- strain food from water

Primary lamella (Gill Filament)

- protrude from gill arch and are made up of secondary lamella

Secondary lamella

- extract O2 from the water using counter current exchange

tooth like structures in the esophagus of some fish that help grind food (similar to chewing food in mouths of mammals)

Single circuit system

Body-> Heart (Sinus venosus -> Atrium -> Ventricle -> Bulbous arteriosus) ->Gills -> Body

Chondrichtheys

Actinopterygii

Sarcopterygii

Cyclostomata

Hagfish

lamprey

Extinct jawless fishes (Maybe some living?)

Gas exchange through the skin

Skull, Vertebrate collumn (spinal cord) and Sternum

Pectoral girdle (Forelimbs, scapula, etc) and the pelvic girdle (includes hindlimbs and pelvis)

Includes scapula coracoid process and acromial process - Shulders and where the upper limbs attach

Includes the Ischium, Ilium and pubis - Hips and pelvis

The first cervical vertebra in the spine supports the head and allows the nodding movement

Bony projection of the vertebra that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments

A long rod loke bone found in the pelvic region of frogs and toads formed by the fusion of several vertebrae and allows the hind legs in their powerful jumping abilities

Long hind legs and the fused bones that make up the urostyle allow the frogs to have greater leverage when they jump

Transparent membrane on frogs eyes that provide additional protection for the eye

males have larger Tympanum sizes and vocal sacs

The frog teeth on the upper jaw

Teeth on the vomer bone (the middle portion of the upper jaw

Protects the airway preventing food and liquid to enter during swallowing

Resonators that amplify the frogs mating sounds located in the larynx

Bile production and detoxification of the blood

stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine

Regulates endocrine/blood sugar through hormone secretion

Secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine to help breakdown food

Last chamber of the digestive tract of many vertebrates except mammals

Receives feces form intestine as well and Urine and Sperm from the urogenital system

Frogs use positive pressure meaning they have to gulp and swallow air to push it into their lungs

Urine production and excretion as well as reproduction

small triangluaar gland on top of the kidneys that produce hormones

?

?

3

Double circuit

Systemic (Blood to the body) and pulmonary (blood from the heart to the lungs)

Three chambered heart

2 atrium and 1 ventricle

Some mixing of the blood

Anura

Caudata

Legs and Lungs

Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Do not need water for reproduction because they have a AMNIOTIC EGG which has a shell to maintain moisture within the egg while allowing Gas exchange between the egg and the enviornment

It has a external shell which protects the egg

the epidermis which is the outermost layer of skin

fish and shark scales are derived from the dermis layer which is the middle layer of skin

A temporal fenestra is an opening in the skull behind the eyes found in some vertebrates. It allows for the attachment of muscles

?

Two temporal fenestrae

ex. Lizards, snakes, crocodiles

No temporal fenestrae

One temporal fenestrae, mammals came from synapsid lineage

Large hole that the spinal cord passes through, located above the occipital condyle

A bony bump that articulates with the first cervical vertebra

Atlas

Birds= 1

Reptiles= 1

Amphibians=2

Mammals=2

All the teeth are the same

found in reptiles

Indentation in the back of the skull near the ears that allows muscle attachment

(Looks like a spike out the back of the Turtle skull)

Dorsal shell

Ventral shell

Turtle scales - combine to make up the carapace and Plaston

the neck vertebras

they are fused

The vertebras located below the lumbar

Allow the pelvic girdle to articulate

Flat plates made of bone

The humerus is the long bone in the upper arm or forelimb. It runs from the shoulder to the elbow, connecting the scapula (shoulder blade) to the radius and ulna (forearm bones).

The radius is one of the two long bones in the forearm, the other being the ulna. It extends from the lateral side of the elbow to the thumb side of the wrist.

elliptical

Highspeed

soaring

High lift

Main stem section of a feather

tip of a feather that penetrates the feather pollicle of a bird

Projection off central shaft that form the large surface area called the vane