Flashcards: BIO 121L lab exam 2 study materials

Sea squirts or tunicates

Lancelets

Fishes, Amphibians, Non avian reptiles, Reptiles, Mammals

Have a brain surrounded by a skull made of bone or cartilage

must have a backbone column that replaces the notocord

1. A supportive Notocord

2. A dorsal hollow nerve cord laying dorsal to the notochord

3. Pharyngeal slits or pouches in the pharynx (anterior region of the gut)

4. A Tail posterior to the anus

5. Endostyle or thyroid gland

have a single-chambered heart, are marine filter feeders, can be solitary or colonial and are sessile except during a free-living "tadpole-like" larval stage

They have all 5 chordate characteristics during the larval stage

In adult form they have

1. Endostyle (Produces mucus for feeding)

2. Pharyngeal basket (modified slits)

Retain all 5 chordate characteristics throughout the entire lifecycle

have a single-chambered heart, filter feed using cilia and mucus in their pharyngeal slits

Buccal cirri and wheel organ in the pharynx create water currents

Animal of Great evolutionary significance

Buccal cirri are feeding structures found in the oral hood of primitive jawless organisms called amphioxus, also known as lancelets. They are small filaments that are used for mechanical sorting.

the wheel organ is a series of ciliated cells that create water currents to help draw food particles into the mouth for feeding

The Amphioxus is a lancelet

like the urochordate larvae, it filter feeds and has all 5 of the chordate characteristics

They are Lamprey larvae, have a heart with an atrium and a ventricle (like all fish) as well as 2 eyes and a 3 part brain.

It has all 5 chordate characteristics and appears very similar to Amphioxus

Amphioxus has: Buccal cirri, wheel organ

The pineal gland, often referred to as the "third eye", senses light and is responsible for regulating circadian rhythms and the production of melatonin.

squalene in the liver and heterocercal tail

allows water to enter and flow over the gill filaments

Ray-finned bony fish

Cartilaginous fishes

Large toothed jaws

Paired fins

Powerful tail muscles

The evolution of jaws allows the diversification of diets and environments. by being able to grasp, tear and chew food they could grow larger as well as inhabit new environments (like in fish 115 where salmon that eat fish grow larger by being more predatory early vertebrates could grow larger)

Extinct group of jawed fish that likely gave to the rise of condrichthyes

Placoid

heterocercle

fluid filled canals containing sensory cells (Neuromast cells)

can detect low frequency vibrations and currents in water

a male appendage used in copulation

Bony skeleton, Operculum, Swim bladder

and a gas filled structure used to maintain neutral buoyancy

improved the ability of a fish to aerate the gills

helps pump water through the gills

Cycloid and Ctenoid

Expands to surface area of the stomach

similar to the spiral valve intestine in the sharks

Sinus venosus

Atrium

Ventricle

Bulbous arteriosus

The counter-current exchange process allows for efficient oxygen extraction. Water flows over the gill filaments in one direction, while blood flows in the opposite direction. This maintains a gradient that maximizes oxygen diffusion from water to blood.

-> oxygen levels want to balance out between the water and blood

Gill arch

- Provides support to the gill

Gill raker

-Direct food to the esophagus

- strain food from water

Primary lamella (Gill Filament)

- protrude from gill arch and are made up of secondary lamella

Secondary lamella

- extract O2 from the water using counter current exchange

tooth like structures in the esophagus of some fish that help grind food (similar to chewing food in mouths of mammals)

Single circuit system

Body-> Heart (Sinus venosus -> Atrium -> Ventricle -> Bulbous arteriosus) ->Gills -> Body

Chondrichtheys

Actinopterygii

Sarcopterygii

Cyclostomata

Hagfish

lamprey

Extinct jawless fishes (Maybe some living?)

Gas exchange through the skin

Skull, Vertebrate collumn (spinal cord) and Sternum

Pectoral girdle (Forelimbs, scapula, etc) and the pelvic girdle (includes hindlimbs and pelvis)

Includes scapula coracoid process and acromial process - Shulders and where the upper limbs attach

Includes the Ischium, Ilium and pubis - Hips and pelvis

The first cervical vertebra in the spine supports the head and allows the nodding movement

Bony projection of the vertebra that serve as attachment points for muscles and ligaments

A long rod loke bone found in the pelvic region of frogs and toads formed by the fusion of several vertebrae and allows the hind legs in their powerful jumping abilities

Long hind legs and the fused bones that make up the urostyle allow the frogs to have greater leverage when they jump

Transparent membrane on frogs eyes that provide additional protection for the eye

males have larger Tympanum sizes and vocal sacs

The frog teeth on the upper jaw

Teeth on the vomer bone (the middle portion of the upper jaw

Protects the airway preventing food and liquid to enter during swallowing

Resonators that amplify the frogs mating sounds located in the larynx

Bile production and detoxification of the blood

stores bile produced by the liver and releases it into the small intestine

Regulates endocrine/blood sugar through hormone secretion

Secretes digestive enzymes into small intestine to help breakdown food

Last chamber of the digestive tract of many vertebrates except mammals

Receives feces form intestine as well and Urine and Sperm from the urogenital system

Frogs use positive pressure meaning they have to gulp and swallow air to push it into their lungs

Urine production and excretion as well as reproduction

small triangluaar gland on top of the kidneys that produce hormones

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Double circuit

Systemic (Blood to the body) and pulmonary (blood from the heart to the lungs)

Three chambered heart

2 atrium and 1 ventricle

Some mixing of the blood

Anura

Caudata

Legs and Lungs

Reptiles, Birds, Mammals

Do not need water for reproduction because they have a AMNIOTIC EGG which has a shell to maintain moisture within the egg while allowing Gas exchange between the egg and the enviornment

It has a external shell which protects the egg

the epidermis which is the outermost layer of skin

fish and shark scales are derived from the dermis layer which is the middle layer of skin

A temporal fenestra is an opening in the skull behind the eyes found in some vertebrates. It allows for the attachment of muscles

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Two temporal fenestrae

ex. Lizards, snakes, crocodiles

No temporal fenestrae

One temporal fenestrae, mammals came from synapsid lineage

Large hole that the spinal cord passes through, located above the occipital condyle

A bony bump that articulates with the first cervical vertebra

Atlas

Birds= 1

Reptiles= 1

Amphibians=2

Mammals=2

All the teeth are the same

found in reptiles

Indentation in the back of the skull near the ears that allows muscle attachment

(Looks like a spike out the back of the Turtle skull)

Dorsal shell

Ventral shell

Turtle scales - combine to make up the carapace and Plaston

the neck vertebras

they are fused

The vertebras located below the lumbar

Allow the pelvic girdle to articulate

Flat plates made of bone

elliptical

Highspeed

soaring

High lift

Main stem section of a feather

tip of a feather that penetrates the feather pollicle of a bird

Projection off central shaft that form the large surface area called the vane

The large surface area that makes up the body of the feather

Tiny hooks projecting off the barbs

Flight

Insulation

Waterproofing

Camouflage

An air sac is a thin-walled, balloon-like structure found in the respiratory systems of birds and some other animals. It helps with efficient gas exchange and aids in breathing by allowing air to flow through the lungs in a continuous, unidirectional manner

its the only vertebrae that is not fused

The lumbar region refers to the lower part of the spine, located between the thoracic (mid-back) and sacral (pelvic) regions.

The thoracic region refers to the part of the spine located between the cervical (neck) and lumbar (lower back)

The caudal vertebrae are the bones that make up the tail region of the vertebral column in vertebrates.

The large sternum section that connects the large flying muscles

The crop is a specialized part of the digestive system in birds. It is a pouch-like structure located in the esophagus, just before the stomach. The crop's primary function is to store and soften food before it moves on to the stomach for further digestion.

In birds, the pectoralis muscle is the primary muscle responsible for powering flight. It is a large, powerful muscle located on the chest, and it attaches to the humerus (the bone of the upper wing). When the pectoralis muscle contracts, it pulls the wing downward, providing the force needed for the downstroke during flight.

In birds, the supracoracoideus muscle is a crucial muscle located in the chest, beneath the pectoralis muscle. It plays a vital role in flight by enabling the upstroke of the wings.

The sternum, also known as the breastbone, is a long, flat bone located in the center of the chest. It connects to the ribs via cartilage, forming the front part of the rib cage

The proventriculus is a part of the digestive system in birds, located between the crop and the gizzard. responsible for the secretion of digestive enzymes and acids that begin the process of breaking down food before it moves to the gizzard for further mechanical digestion.

The gizzard's primary function is to grind and break down food mechanically. Birds often ingest small stones or grit, which accumulate in the gizzard and help in the grinding process.

The pancreas is a vital organ located in the abdomen, behind the stomach. It has both endocrine and exocrine functions, producing hormones like insulin and glucagon to regulate blood sugar levels, and secreting digestive enzymes into the small intestine.

The duodenum is the first section of the small intestine, located just after the stomach. It plays a crucial role in digestion by receiving partially digested food (chyme) from the stomach and mixing it with digestive enzymes and bile.

The ceca are paired pouches located at the junction of the small and large intestines in birds. They play a role in the digestion and absorption of nutrients.

The Spleen filters and produces/recycles red and white blood cells.

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Birds secrete uric acid instead of urea which is excreted with feces through the cloaca which helps them to retain water

The placenta is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy. It provides oxygen and nutrients to the growing fetus and removes waste products from the fetus's blood.

Mammary glands are specialized organs in mammals that produce milk to nourish their young.

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs. It plays a crucial role in respiration by contracting and flattening to create a vacuum that draws air into the lungs. This muscle separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Heterodont dentition refers to having different types of teeth within the same mouth, each specialized for different functions.

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A diastema is a gap or space between two teeth. common on herbivores that have space between the Incisor sand molars

To grind there food down - like molars

To rip and shred meat

Keratin - broom like structure used to filter food from water in toothless whales

Occipital condyles are two rounded protrusions located on either side of the foramen magnum at the base of the skull. They articulate with the first cervical vertebra, known as the atlas.

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Vibrissae, commonly known as whiskers, are specialized sensory hairs found on the faces of many mammals.

The scrotum is a pouch of skin that contains and protects the testicles.

They do not store bile and are always digesting

The cecum (or caecum) is a pouch-like structure located at the junction of the small and large intestines. It plays a role in the digestive system by receiving undigested food material from the small intestine and beginning the process of absorbing fluids and salts

really long with indentation and Villi/micro Villi (which are similar in function to pyloric ceca in fish)

It is a separate hole only for the excretion of solid waste compared to the Cloaca which is a multi purpose hole

Small tube shaped organ attached to the large intestine thought to have a role in the immune system

Uric acid

Urea

the muscular tubes that transport urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder

outer layer of the kidney

inner layer of the kidneys

the tube that connects the urinary gland to the outside of the body

Long coiled tube located at the rear of the testicles where sperm matures

The tube that transfers the sperm to the urethra in preparation for ejaculation

produces a significant portion of the fluid that makes up semen

the penis bone

Hollow muscular organ that stores urine produced by the kidneys

The 2 upper extensions of the uterus where the fallopian tubes attach

A type of uterus that has 2 distinct uterine horns

A type of uterus that is a single chamber with no separation of the uterine horns

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incomplete cartilaginous rings

The windpipe, Connects the larynx to the bronchi and allows air to pass through the neck into the lungs has incomplete cartilaginous rings to provide structural support

The fork of the trachea that splits into each of the lungs

The pericardial cavity is a fluid-filled space that surrounds the heart. It is part of the pericardium, a double-walled sac that encloses the heart and the roots of the major blood vessels

2 of each

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A tomial tooth is a sharp projection on the upper beak of some birds, such as falcons, kites, and shrikes. It works with a corresponding notch on the lower beak to help these birds sever the spinal cords of their prey

In peregrine falcons, the nasal baffle is a structure within the nasal cavity that helps to clean and humidify the air before it reaches the lungs. This adaptation is particularly useful for these high-speed hunters, ensuring that the air they breathe is properly conditioned as they dive at incredible speeds.

Toothed whales

it allows better

- Burrowing and crawling

- Stealthier hunting

- Predation and hunting

- energy efficiency

- Camouflage and protection

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they are not fused to the shell allowing for flexibility and movement of the head

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Carry blood from lungs to the left atrium

differ from other veins as these veins carry oxygenated blood, not deoxygenated

Thin flexible membrane that acts as the ear drum (vibrates in response to sound waves

Acts as sensory surface for sound waves

Attached at the front near the lower jaw allowing it to flip out rapidly and extend forward aiding in food capture'

secretes sticky solution to capture prey

Maxillary teeth

Vomerine teeth

teeth grasp and hold prey until can swallow (NOT CHEW)

Paired fins

Scales

Jaws

Informal group of nonvertebrate chordates

Thought to resemble the earliest chordates most closely

Includes Urochordata and Cephalochordata

Dermal denticles

Found in cartilaginous fishes

The outer layer of enamel with an inner layer of dentine central pulp cavity

Comes from the dermal layer

Internal fertilization

Males use claspers which are inserted into female cloaca for sperm transfer

Skates and Ratfish use egg castings

Most sharks are viviparous

Skates and ratfish are oviparous