2023-02-03T05:47:59+03:00[Europe/Moscow] en true <p>Primary Metabolites</p>, <p>Secondary Metabolites</p>, <p>When the residential flora in your gut are killed by antibiotics; leading to the resistant ones to remain and take over.</p>, <p>Stewardship</p>, <p>increased chance for superinfection</p>, <p>Antibiotic </p>, <p>Antimicrobial</p>, <p>Static; cidal</p>, <p>identifying the infectious species, culture, MIC testing, test results</p>, <p>location of infection in the body</p>, <p>Resistance</p>, <p>mutation of target, down regulation, enzyme that degrades antibiotic, mdr efflux pumps, adaptations</p>, <p>Intrinsic resistance</p>, <p>Acquired</p>, <p>Vertical; horizontal</p>, <p>Transduction</p>, <p>Conjugation</p>, <p>Transformation</p>, <p>D-Ala-D-Ala</p>, <p>cidal; beta-lactams target actively dividing bacteria; bacteria must divide in order to stay alive</p>, <p>the use of antimicrobials in agriculture</p>, <p>efficacy, selectivity, and safety</p>, <p>resistance depends on the therapeutic safety window of any particular antimicrobial agent.</p> flashcards
Bacterial Resistance

Bacterial Resistance

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  • Primary Metabolites

    -proteins or enzymes that are essential to the survival of an organism.

  • Secondary Metabolites

    - proteins or enzymes that are not needed in order to survive

    -toxins, venoms

    -natural products were derived from these

  • When the residential flora in your gut are killed by antibiotics; leading to the resistant ones to remain and take over.

    Describe what a superinfection is.

  • Stewardship

    -the process of being more selective in prescribing antibiotics; in an effort to prevent superinfections from resistant strains.

  • increased chance for superinfection

    Longer treatment duration + broad spectrum = ?

  • Antibiotic

    -produced by a microbe

  • Antimicrobial

    -produced by a microbe or a non-microbe.

  • Static; cidal

    _____ refers to antimicrobials that stop growth; while ______ refers to antimicrobials that kill the bacteria.

  • identifying the infectious species, culture, MIC testing, test results

    What are characteristics of "spectrum"?

  • location of infection in the body

    What are characteristics of "empiric treatment"?

  • Resistance

    - the dose that is required to be effective is higher than the threshold for toxicity; killing the bacteria will result in adverse effects.

  • mutation of target, down regulation, enzyme that degrades antibiotic, mdr efflux pumps, adaptations

    What are the major mechanisms of resistance in bacteria?

  • Intrinsic resistance

    -do not possess target that the antibiotic is targeting; do not require a mutation to be resistant to the drug therapy.

  • Acquired

    -obtain new genetics to become resistant

  • Vertical; horizontal

    ______ gene transfer occurs within the organism; while _________ gene transfer is from one organism to another.

  • Transduction

    -mutation mediated by a bacteriophage or virus.

  • Conjugation

    -sexual plasmid transfer

  • Transformation

    -bacteria absorb genetic material from the environment and incorporate into their DNA.

  • D-Ala-D-Ala

    -specific segment transpeptidase connects to in bacterial cell wall synthesis

  • cidal; beta-lactams target actively dividing bacteria; bacteria must divide in order to stay alive

    Are beta-lactams cidal or static? Explain.

  • the use of antimicrobials in agriculture

    Statistically speaking, what is MOST likely responsible for the emergence most common strains of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?

  • efficacy, selectivity, and safety

    What are the three most important factors that go into choosing the antimicrobial agent that should be used to treat a patient with a microbial infection?

  • resistance depends on the therapeutic safety window of any particular antimicrobial agent.

    How do we explain the concept of antimicrobial resistance as a 'relative' concept?