Primary Metabolites
-proteins or enzymes that are essential to the survival of an organism.
Secondary Metabolites
- proteins or enzymes that are not needed in order to survive
-toxins, venoms
-natural products were derived from these
When the residential flora in your gut are killed by antibiotics; leading to the resistant ones to remain and take over.
Describe what a superinfection is.
Stewardship
-the process of being more selective in prescribing antibiotics; in an effort to prevent superinfections from resistant strains.
increased chance for superinfection
Longer treatment duration + broad spectrum = ?
Antibiotic
-produced by a microbe
Antimicrobial
-produced by a microbe or a non-microbe.
Static; cidal
_____ refers to antimicrobials that stop growth; while ______ refers to antimicrobials that kill the bacteria.
identifying the infectious species, culture, MIC testing, test results
What are characteristics of "spectrum"?
location of infection in the body
What are characteristics of "empiric treatment"?
Resistance
- the dose that is required to be effective is higher than the threshold for toxicity; killing the bacteria will result in adverse effects.
mutation of target, down regulation, enzyme that degrades antibiotic, mdr efflux pumps, adaptations
What are the major mechanisms of resistance in bacteria?
Intrinsic resistance
-do not possess target that the antibiotic is targeting; do not require a mutation to be resistant to the drug therapy.
Acquired
-obtain new genetics to become resistant
Vertical; horizontal
______ gene transfer occurs within the organism; while _________ gene transfer is from one organism to another.
Transduction
-mutation mediated by a bacteriophage or virus.
Conjugation
-sexual plasmid transfer
Transformation
-bacteria absorb genetic material from the environment and incorporate into their DNA.
D-Ala-D-Ala
-specific segment transpeptidase connects to in bacterial cell wall synthesis
cidal; beta-lactams target actively dividing bacteria; bacteria must divide in order to stay alive
Are beta-lactams cidal or static? Explain.
the use of antimicrobials in agriculture
Statistically speaking, what is MOST likely responsible for the emergence most common strains of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?
efficacy, selectivity, and safety
What are the three most important factors that go into choosing the antimicrobial agent that should be used to treat a patient with a microbial infection?
resistance depends on the therapeutic safety window of any particular antimicrobial agent.
How do we explain the concept of antimicrobial resistance as a 'relative' concept?