earloracion15-
Abiotic factors, Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
Components of ecosystem
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Soil, pH, Mineral, Humidity, Light, Water, Temperature
Abiotic factors
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Aluminum, manganese
pH levels are lower what elements are presence
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Temperature
effects growth, development and morphology
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Minimum
lowest temperature requirement
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Optimum
rapid growth and development
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Maximum
highest temperature requirement
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Humidity
the moisture content of the atmosphere, or how much water vapor there is in the air. - important to make photosynthesis possible
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Relatively low humidity
- transpiration increase causing water deficit in plants, indirectly affecting photosynthesis
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Relatively high humidity
incidence of pest is high which favors easy germination of fungal disease/ spores on plant leaves
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Rust fungal disease
characterized by a rust orange spots that form on the undersides of leaves. The fungus grows and spreads, upper leaf surfaces discolor, and leaves eventually fall from the plant.
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Light
- a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the naked eye
- essential factor on the plant growth and development
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Visible light
light spectrum accepted by the plants
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Light Intensity
rate at which the energy from the light is received at a unit of surface
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Light Duration
the time plants are exposed to light
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Light Quality
the wavelength or the color of light
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Minerals
exert significant direct and indirect influences on the supply and availability of most nutrient elements
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Primary minerals
release nutrient elements by means of physical, chemical, and biological weathering
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Secondary minerals
formed by low-temperature reactions during the weathering of primary minerals
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Autotrophs
organisms which manufacture their own food
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Heterotrophs
• organisms that cannot make their own food • they must obtain energy from other animals and organisms
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Decomposers
organisms that break down other organism
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Natural ecosystem
a community of living and non-living organisms, where each component interacts together as a unit through biological, physical and chemical processes
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Natural ecosystem
purely natural and their formations are not in any way influenced by human activity
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Man-made ecosystem
is a kind of ecosystem that is built and maintained by people
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Man-made ecosystem
unique in the sense that people deliberately play a major role in the functioning of the ecosystem
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rice fields, fish ponds, and urban ecosystems.
Examples of man made ecosystem
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Microecosystem
one that develops in very small or very reduced spaces defined by essential environmental factors such as temperature, gaseous atmosphere (ex. aerobic and anaerobic environments, nutrient supply, chemical milieu, and pH among many other environmental factors
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Oral recitation
Fundamental role of ecosystem
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To obtain higher crop yield and increased animal production in order to feed the growing population, to achieve sustainable production
Aims of agriculture
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Climate change, Nutrient depletion, Pest disease and outbreaks
Factors affecting agricultural ecosystem
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natural cause, anthropogenic cause
causes of climate change
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Intensive farming activities, nutrient leaching and run off
causes of Nutrient depletion
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Species distribution, Population sizes, Migrations
causes of Pest and disease outbreaks
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Availability of land, Physiological constraints, Environmental factors, Light, Water, Temperature, Soil Nutrients, Pest and Disease
Limiting factors of Productivity of Agriculture
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Environment
is a complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors act upon an organism or ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival
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Artificial environments
enable farmers to produce crops and livestock in an unfavorable environments
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Population growth
puts pressure on agriculture to produce more foods
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Environmental Impact of Crop production
- refers to the effect of different farming practices on the ecosystem around them
- it may depends on the production practices employed by the farmers and type of agro-ecosystem
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Environmental impact of Livestock production
primary stressor in many ecosystem • largest source of GHG (greenhouse gases) • Leading cause of the loss of biodiversity • Leading source of water pollution in developed and emerging countries
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Land coversion and habitat loss, wasteful water consumption, Soil erosion and degradation, Pollution, Climate change
Negative Environmental Impacts from Unsustainable Farming Practices
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Monoculture
refer to areas of land where a single crop is grown (i.e., corn or wheat) on a large percentage or all of the farm, season after season
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Leaky irrigation system, wasteful field application methods, cultivation of thirsty crops not suited to the environments
Wasteful and unsustainable The main causes of wasteful water use are:
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Soil degradation
- temporary or permanent decrease of the productive potential of soil of an area to perform ecosystem functions - 80% of this degradation has taken place in developing countries
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Soil Erosion
loss of topsoil cause by wind, rain, and other forces and by human activities
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Soil infertility, Low productivity, Land degradation, Deterioration of Water quality, Impact on Biodiversity, Increasing flooding, Soil salinazation
Negative effects of soil degradation
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Eutrophication
occurs when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients phosphorus), (nitrogen increasing the amount of plant and algae growth to terrestrial ecosystems. a
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Green House Gas Emissions
application of chemicals causes the release of harmful air pollutants in the atmosphere
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Agricultural and Food Waste
- one third (1.3 billion tons) of food produced globally is wasted every year.- produces 3.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide- fecal wastes can contaminate or compromise water sources
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Livestock, Fertilizers, Wetland Rice Cultivation, Burning of Savanna
Green house gas emissions
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Global warming, Heavy rainfalls, Floods, Acidic Rains, Wind erosions, Land Slides, Natural Calamities
Effects of Climate Change
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Crop management , Increasing water management efficiency, Integrating agricultural, environmental and cultural policies
Developing measures that will encourage flexibility in land use
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water pollution and damag to the soil, pest infestation
Pests and Pesticide- high usage and pesticide residue
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shorter crop cycle
Water Consumption- High demand of freshwater usage
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loss of soil organic matter
intensive cropping systems
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increase in the level of heavy metal such as Cd, Pb, As
pesticides and fertilizers application
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decrease in the yield
a decline in the fertility of the soil
