Abiotic factors, Producers, Consumers, Decomposers
Components of ecosystem
Soil, pH, Mineral, Humidity, Light, Water, Temperature
Abiotic factors
Aluminum, manganese
pH levels are lower what elements are presence
Temperature
effects growth, development and morphology
Minimum
lowest temperature requirement
Optimum
rapid growth and development
Maximum
highest temperature requirement
Humidity
the moisture content of the atmosphere, or how much water vapor there is in the air. - important to make photosynthesis possible
Relatively low humidity
- transpiration increase causing water deficit in plants, indirectly affecting photosynthesis
Relatively high humidity
incidence of pest is high which favors easy germination of fungal disease/ spores on plant leaves
Rust fungal disease
characterized by a rust orange spots that form on the undersides of leaves. The fungus grows and spreads, upper leaf surfaces discolor, and leaves eventually fall from the plant.
Light
- a portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that is visible to the naked eye
- essential factor on the plant growth and development
Visible light
light spectrum accepted by the plants
Light Intensity
rate at which the energy from the light is received at a unit of surface
Light Duration
the time plants are exposed to light
Light Quality
the wavelength or the color of light
Minerals
exert significant direct and indirect influences on the supply and availability of most nutrient elements
Primary minerals
release nutrient elements by means of physical, chemical, and biological weathering
Secondary minerals
formed by low-temperature reactions during the weathering of primary minerals
Autotrophs
organisms which manufacture their own food
Heterotrophs
• organisms that cannot make their own food • they must obtain energy from other animals and organisms
Decomposers
organisms that break down other organism
Natural ecosystem
a community of living and non-living organisms, where each component interacts together as a unit through biological, physical and chemical processes
Natural ecosystem
purely natural and their formations are not in any way influenced by human activity
Man-made ecosystem
is a kind of ecosystem that is built and maintained by people
Man-made ecosystem
unique in the sense that people deliberately play a major role in the functioning of the ecosystem
rice fields, fish ponds, and urban ecosystems.
Examples of man made ecosystem
Microecosystem
one that develops in very small or very reduced spaces defined by essential environmental factors such as temperature, gaseous atmosphere (ex. aerobic and anaerobic environments, nutrient supply, chemical milieu, and pH among many other environmental factors
Oral recitation
Fundamental role of ecosystem
To obtain higher crop yield and increased animal production in order to feed the growing population, to achieve sustainable production
Aims of agriculture
Climate change, Nutrient depletion, Pest disease and outbreaks
Factors affecting agricultural ecosystem
natural cause, anthropogenic cause
causes of climate change
Intensive farming activities, nutrient leaching and run off
causes of Nutrient depletion
Species distribution, Population sizes, Migrations
causes of Pest and disease outbreaks
Availability of land, Physiological constraints, Environmental factors, Light, Water, Temperature, Soil Nutrients, Pest and Disease
Limiting factors of Productivity of Agriculture
Environment
is a complex of physical, chemical and biotic factors act upon an organism or ecological community and ultimately determine its form and survival
Artificial environments
enable farmers to produce crops and livestock in an unfavorable environments
Population growth
puts pressure on agriculture to produce more foods
Environmental Impact of Crop production
- refers to the effect of different farming practices on the ecosystem around them
- it may depends on the production practices employed by the farmers and type of agro-ecosystem
Environmental impact of Livestock production
primary stressor in many ecosystem • largest source of GHG (greenhouse gases) • Leading cause of the loss of biodiversity • Leading source of water pollution in developed and emerging countries
Land coversion and habitat loss, wasteful water consumption, Soil erosion and degradation, Pollution, Climate change
Negative Environmental Impacts from Unsustainable Farming Practices
Monoculture
refer to areas of land where a single crop is grown (i.e., corn or wheat) on a large percentage or all of the farm, season after season
Leaky irrigation system, wasteful field application methods, cultivation of thirsty crops not suited to the environments
Wasteful and unsustainable The main causes of wasteful water use are:
Soil degradation
- temporary or permanent decrease of the productive potential of soil of an area to perform ecosystem functions - 80% of this degradation has taken place in developing countries
Soil Erosion
loss of topsoil cause by wind, rain, and other forces and by human activities
Soil infertility, Low productivity, Land degradation, Deterioration of Water quality, Impact on Biodiversity, Increasing flooding, Soil salinazation
Negative effects of soil degradation
Eutrophication
occurs when the environment becomes enriched with nutrients phosphorus), (nitrogen increasing the amount of plant and algae growth to terrestrial ecosystems. a
Green House Gas Emissions
application of chemicals causes the release of harmful air pollutants in the atmosphere
Agricultural and Food Waste
- one third (1.3 billion tons) of food produced globally is wasted every year.- produces 3.3 billion tons of carbon dioxide- fecal wastes can contaminate or compromise water sources
Livestock, Fertilizers, Wetland Rice Cultivation, Burning of Savanna
Green house gas emissions
Global warming, Heavy rainfalls, Floods, Acidic Rains, Wind erosions, Land Slides, Natural Calamities
Effects of Climate Change
Crop management , Increasing water management efficiency, Integrating agricultural, environmental and cultural policies
Developing measures that will encourage flexibility in land use
water pollution and damag to the soil, pest infestation
Pests and Pesticide- high usage and pesticide residue
shorter crop cycle
Water Consumption- High demand of freshwater usage
loss of soil organic matter
intensive cropping systems
increase in the level of heavy metal such as Cd, Pb, As
pesticides and fertilizers application
decrease in the yield
a decline in the fertility of the soil