Anita Akweshie-
where is the energy released from reactions of respiration transferred to?
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
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What is ATP
a small and soluble molecule that provides a short-term store of chemical energy that cells can use to do work
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what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
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what is the vitality of ATP
linkage between energy-requiring and energy-yielding reactions
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why is ATP is described as the universal energy currency
it is used in all organisms and like money can be used for different purposes and is reusable
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how is ATP's use as an energy-currency beneficial (1)
the hydrolysis of ATP can be carried out quickly and easily wherever energy is required in the cell by the action of just one enzyme, ATPase
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how is ATP's use as an energy-currency beneficial (2)
a useful, adequate quantity of energy is released from the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule, beneficial as waste is reduced and cell control of reactions is possible
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how is ATP's use as an energy-currency beneficial (3)
ATP is relatively stable at cellular level pH levels
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what is ATP structurally
a phosphorylated nucleotide
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what are the components of ATPs structure
ribose sugar
adenine base
3 phosphate groups
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what is produced from the hydrolysis of ATP
ADP and phosphatewhat
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what is released as ATP is formed
free energy
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how much energy is released from the first and second phosphate group of ATP
30.5kJ/mol
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how much energy is released from the third and final phosphate group
14.2kJ/mol
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how is ATP releasing a small but sufficient amount of energy (75.8kJ/mol) seen as a benefit
this is enough energy to drive important metabolic reactions while keeping energy wastage low
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how is ATP existing as a stable molecule seen as beneficial
it doesn't break down unless its enzyme ATPase is present, avoiding wastage
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how is the fact that ATP can be recycled seen as beneficial
as the breakdown of ATP is reversible by adding a phosphate group to ADP, the same ATP molecule can be used elsewhere in the cell
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how is the fact that hydrolysis is quick and easy seen as beneficial
it allows cells to respond to a sudden increase in energy demand
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how is the fact that ATP is soluble and moves easily within cells seen as beneficial
can transport energy to different areas of the cell
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how can the fact that ATP forms phosphorylated intermediates be seen as beneficial
can make metabolites more reactive and lower the activation energy required for a reaction
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true / false
ATP can be stored in the body and moved between cells often
false
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true or false
cells make their own ATP
true
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what are the two features of ATP synthesis
it is an energy-requiring and condensation reaction
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which two processes make ATP
photosynthesis and respiration
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what are the types of reaction that make ATP
substrate-linked phosphorylation
chemiosmosis
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how is ATP formed in substrate-linked phosphorylation
by transferring a phosphate directly from a substrate molecule to ADP
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what supplies the energy required by substrate-linked phosphorylation
directly from another chemical reaction
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where does substrate-linked phosphorylation occur
in the cell cytoplasm and in the matrix of the mitochondrion
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how much ATP does substrate-linked account for
a small amount of 4/6 ATP per glucose molecule
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in what process stage does substrate-linked phosphorylation take place
in glycolysis
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how is ATP formed in chemiosmosis
involving a proton gradient
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where does chemiosmosis take place in the cell
across the inner membrane of the mitochondria and the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
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what helps establish the proton concentration gradient in chemiosmosis
an electron transport chain
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chemiosmosis reaction step 1
high energy electrons move from carrier to carrier releasing energy that is used to pump protons up a concentration gradient across the inner membrane into the intermembranal space
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chemiosmosis reaction step 2
protons then move down the concentration gradient into the matrix which releases energy
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chemiosmosis reaction step 3
the protons move through the ATP synthase complex which uses the released energy to drive the phosphorylation of ATP
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what is the function of oxygen in chemiosmosis
be the final electron and proton accepter to form water
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how much of ATP produced is accounted for by chemiosmosis
32/34 ATP per glucose molecule
