where is the energy released from reactions of respiration transferred to?
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
What is ATP
a small and soluble molecule that provides a short-term store of chemical energy that cells can use to do work
what does ATP stand for?
adenosine triphosphate
what is the vitality of ATP
linkage between energy-requiring and energy-yielding reactions
why is ATP is described as the universal energy currency
it is used in all organisms and like money can be used for different purposes and is reusable
how is ATP's use as an energy-currency beneficial (1)
the hydrolysis of ATP can be carried out quickly and easily wherever energy is required in the cell by the action of just one enzyme, ATPase
how is ATP's use as an energy-currency beneficial (2)
a useful, adequate quantity of energy is released from the hydrolysis of one ATP molecule, beneficial as waste is reduced and cell control of reactions is possible
how is ATP's use as an energy-currency beneficial (3)
ATP is relatively stable at cellular level pH levels
what is ATP structurally
a phosphorylated nucleotide
what are the components of ATPs structure
ribose sugar
adenine base
3 phosphate groups
what is produced from the hydrolysis of ATP
ADP and phosphatewhat
what is released as ATP is formed
free energy
how much energy is released from the first and second phosphate group of ATP
30.5kJ/mol
how much energy is released from the third and final phosphate group
14.2kJ/mol
how is ATP releasing a small but sufficient amount of energy (75.8kJ/mol) seen as a benefit
this is enough energy to drive important metabolic reactions while keeping energy wastage low
how is ATP existing as a stable molecule seen as beneficial
it doesn't break down unless its enzyme ATPase is present, avoiding wastage
how is the fact that ATP can be recycled seen as beneficial
as the breakdown of ATP is reversible by adding a phosphate group to ADP, the same ATP molecule can be used elsewhere in the cell
how is the fact that hydrolysis is quick and easy seen as beneficial
it allows cells to respond to a sudden increase in energy demand
how is the fact that ATP is soluble and moves easily within cells seen as beneficial
can transport energy to different areas of the cell
how can the fact that ATP forms phosphorylated intermediates be seen as beneficial
can make metabolites more reactive and lower the activation energy required for a reaction
true / false
ATP can be stored in the body and moved between cells often
false
true or false
cells make their own ATP
true
what are the two features of ATP synthesis
it is an energy-requiring and condensation reaction
which two processes make ATP
photosynthesis and respiration
what are the types of reaction that make ATP
substrate-linked phosphorylation
chemiosmosis
how is ATP formed in substrate-linked phosphorylation
by transferring a phosphate directly from a substrate molecule to ADP
what supplies the energy required by substrate-linked phosphorylation
directly from another chemical reaction
where does substrate-linked phosphorylation occur
in the cell cytoplasm and in the matrix of the mitochondrion
how much ATP does substrate-linked account for
a small amount of 4/6 ATP per glucose molecule
in what process stage does substrate-linked phosphorylation take place
in glycolysis
how is ATP formed in chemiosmosis
involving a proton gradient
where does chemiosmosis take place in the cell
across the inner membrane of the mitochondria and the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts
what helps establish the proton concentration gradient in chemiosmosis
an electron transport chain
chemiosmosis reaction step 1
high energy electrons move from carrier to carrier releasing energy that is used to pump protons up a concentration gradient across the inner membrane into the intermembranal space
chemiosmosis reaction step 2
protons then move down the concentration gradient into the matrix which releases energy
chemiosmosis reaction step 3
the protons move through the ATP synthase complex which uses the released energy to drive the phosphorylation of ATP
what is the function of oxygen in chemiosmosis
be the final electron and proton accepter to form water
how much of ATP produced is accounted for by chemiosmosis
32/34 ATP per glucose molecule