Alliyah Evangelista-
What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
- heart muscle
- actions of glands
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Activities of the ANS is made without conscious awareness. True or false?
True
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What are the two motor neurons that are connected in an autonomic pathway?
Preganglionic; spinal cord > ganglion
Postganglionic; ganglion > effector
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Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?
The anterior gray horns
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In the SNS, how many synapses are there?
Only 1; it's uninterrrupted.
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Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both ___ and ___.
neurotransmitters and hormones.
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Both of them have an effect on the heart and blood vessels. However, epinephrine has more of an effect on the ___ and norepinephrine on the ___.
epinephrine - the heart
norepinephrine - bv
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Where are the autonomic motor neurons located?
In the lateral gray horns.
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What is the difference in the preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?
>length in the sympathetic than in the parasympathetic, thus they have less schwann cells, and vice versa.
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What gland produces nor/epinephrine as hormones?
The adrenal gland.
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What hormone is released in the parasympathetic neuron?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
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What hormones are released in the sympathetic neuron?
ACh and nor/epinephrine
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What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Increases alertness; the flight-or-fight division.
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What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Slows down most body activity; the rest-and-digest division.
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What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system and why is it called that?
Thoracolumbar; because the preganglionic neurons are found in the lateral gray horns of the thoracic and lumbar segments.
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In the ANS, the axon of the preganglion is always ___ and the postganglion is ___.
myelinated, unmyelinated
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___ form the sympathetic chains.
Sympathetic ganglia (cell bodies).
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What does adrenergic mean and division of the ANS is described as that?
- When epinephrine/norepinephrine (adrenaline or noradrenaline) are released to their effectors. "Activated by adrenaline".
- The sympathetic nervous system because it releases those hormones and neurotransmitters.
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What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system and why is it called that?
Craniosacral; because the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons originate in the cranial nerves and some in the sacrum (2-4).
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What are the 4 cranial nerves that house the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Occulomotor III (eye movement)
- Facial VII
- Glossopharyngeal IX
- Vagus X
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What does cholinergic mean and what division in the ANS is described as using that?
Releasing only ACh; the parasympathetic system.
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After neurotransmitters have been docked, what channels open and what other events occurs?
Na+ channels open, the postsynaptic end bulbs will be excited and an AP begins.
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What is docking site?
Docking station of neurostransmitters on postsynaptic cell membranes.
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Why does ACh stimulate digestive organs but inhibit the heart?
Because it is what activates the effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system; rest-and-digest division. Whereas the heart is only stimulated in stressful situations controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
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Sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems can be described as ___ to one another. The sympathetic excites the heart and rate of respiration while inhibiting digestion and vice versa.
antagonistic
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What does the pupillary light reflex do to our eyes and when does it occur?
It constricts our pupil when it is hit with light.
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How does the pupillary light reflex occur?
When the retina of the eye is stimulated by light > nerve impulses from CNII > integrating centers o the brain > interneurons send impulses to motor neurons in midbrain > axons receive info. > travel through CNIII > synapse with postganglionic motor neurons to constrict the pupils
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What are the four times (four Es) the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
- Times of emergency
- Excitement
- Embarrassment
- Exercise
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The parasympathetic system can cause (SLUDD) ___.
- salivation
- lacrimation
- urination
- digestion
- defecation
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Which system innervates the sweat glands of the skin?
The sympathetic system
