What does the autonomic nervous system regulate?
- heart muscle
- actions of glands
Activities of the ANS is made without conscious awareness. True or false?
True
What are the two motor neurons that are connected in an autonomic pathway?
Preganglionic; spinal cord > ganglion
Postganglionic; ganglion > effector
Where are the cell bodies of somatic motor neurons located?
The anterior gray horns
In the SNS, how many synapses are there?
Only 1; it's uninterrrupted.
Epinephrine and norepinephrine are both ___ and ___.
neurotransmitters and hormones.
Both of them have an effect on the heart and blood vessels. However, epinephrine has more of an effect on the ___ and norepinephrine on the ___.
epinephrine - the heart
norepinephrine - bv
Where are the autonomic motor neurons located?
In the lateral gray horns.
What is the difference in the preganglionic fibers in the sympathetic and parasympathetic system?
>length in the sympathetic than in the parasympathetic, thus they have less schwann cells, and vice versa.
What gland produces nor/epinephrine as hormones?
The adrenal gland.
What hormone is released in the parasympathetic neuron?
Acetylcholine (ACh)
What hormones are released in the sympathetic neuron?
ACh and nor/epinephrine
What does the sympathetic nervous system do?
Increases alertness; the flight-or-fight division.
What does the parasympathetic nervous system do?
Slows down most body activity; the rest-and-digest division.
What is another name for the sympathetic nervous system and why is it called that?
Thoracolumbar; because the preganglionic neurons are found in the lateral gray horns of the thoracic and lumbar segments.
In the ANS, the axon of the preganglion is always ___ and the postganglion is ___.
myelinated, unmyelinated
___ form the sympathetic chains.
Sympathetic ganglia (cell bodies).
What does adrenergic mean and division of the ANS is described as that?
- When epinephrine/norepinephrine (adrenaline or noradrenaline) are released to their effectors. "Activated by adrenaline".
- The sympathetic nervous system because it releases those hormones and neurotransmitters.
What is another name for the parasympathetic nervous system and why is it called that?
Craniosacral; because the cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons originate in the cranial nerves and some in the sacrum (2-4).
What are the 4 cranial nerves that house the preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic nervous system.
- Occulomotor III (eye movement)
- Facial VII
- Glossopharyngeal IX
- Vagus X
What does cholinergic mean and what division in the ANS is described as using that?
Releasing only ACh; the parasympathetic system.
After neurotransmitters have been docked, what channels open and what other events occurs?
Na+ channels open, the postsynaptic end bulbs will be excited and an AP begins.
What is docking site?
Docking station of neurostransmitters on postsynaptic cell membranes.
Why does ACh stimulate digestive organs but inhibit the heart?
Because it is what activates the effectors of the parasympathetic nervous system; rest-and-digest division. Whereas the heart is only stimulated in stressful situations controlled by the sympathetic nervous system.
Sympathetic and the parasympathetic nervous systems can be described as ___ to one another. The sympathetic excites the heart and rate of respiration while inhibiting digestion and vice versa.
antagonistic
What does the pupillary light reflex do to our eyes and when does it occur?
It constricts our pupil when it is hit with light.
How does the pupillary light reflex occur?
When the retina of the eye is stimulated by light > nerve impulses from CNII > integrating centers o the brain > interneurons send impulses to motor neurons in midbrain > axons receive info. > travel through CNIII > synapse with postganglionic motor neurons to constrict the pupils
What are the four times (four Es) the sympathetic nervous system is activated?
- Times of emergency
- Excitement
- Embarrassment
- Exercise
The parasympathetic system can cause (SLUDD) ___.
- salivation
- lacrimation
- urination
- digestion
- defecation
Which system innervates the sweat glands of the skin?
The sympathetic system