nociception
sensory response to pain
3
How many neurons are required to successfully transmit pain?
afferent neuron transmits info from periphery to CNS, neuron travels up spinal cord to thalamus, neuron relays info from thalamus to cortex
Pain pathway?
receptor, sensory neuron, integration center, motor neuron, effector
Components of reflex arc?
dorsal root ganglion
Limbs and trunk communicate touch, temperature, and position through neurons housed in the ______
ganglia
group of cell bodies
dermatome
What is the region that dorsal root ganglion innervate?
TRPV1
these receptors respond to heat and acid
TRPM8
these receptors respond to cold
A fibers
-highly myelinated
-proprioception, fine touch, cool
B fibers
-moderately myelinated
-mechanical sensation
C fibers
-unmeylinated (Substance P)
-primary pain fibers, warmth, burning, itch, chemicals, extreme cold
Alpha delta & C
Pain is sensed by what neuron fibers?
spinothalamic & spinoreticular
What are the two main ascending pathways that second order neurons follow?
Spinothalamic tract
-neuron decussates and travels up contralateral side
-synapses in thalamus
-third-order neuron then travels to sensory cortex to 'localize' pain and periaqueductal gray
Spinoreticular tract
-neuron dessucates and travels up contralateral side
-synapses in reticular formation in brain stem
-3rd order neurons then travel to thalamus and hypothalamus
-4th order neurons then travel to cortex, amygdala, and many other regions to induce emotional aspects of pain
periaqueductal gray (PAG)
the descending pain pathway includes what region of the brain?
PAG
pain modulating region in the brain
Visceral pain
-origin is in an a organ
-nociceptors are much more spread out
-travel unique tracts up to the brain
Referred pain
-often visceral in origin, but feels like its coming from a somatic structure nearby
*heart attack feels like pain in left arm, neck, and chest wall
Somatic; visceral; dorsal horn
In regards to referred pain; _______ and _______ sensory neurons synapse on the same cells in the _______. Signals get crossed
Neuropathic pain
-pain caused by nerve injury or neurological disease
-nerve compression, abnormal growths, infections, spinal cord injury
length-dependent
Diabetes patients often exhibit ________ neuropathy
Longest
In length dependent neuropathy, which type of axons are most vulnerable?
alcoholism & hypothyrodism
Which conditions possess an increased risk of neuropathic pain?
Complex regional pain syndrome
-unique form of chronic pain
-may or may not be neuropathic
-pain is WAY out proportion to initial injury, often in arm or leg
cognitive-behavioral interventions, heat/cold, stimulus-induced analgesia, TENS, NSAIDS
What are some ways to manage pain?
increases blood flow; triggers release of endogenous opioids
How does heat relieve pain?
could cause peripheral vascular disease
Why may heat be a controversial pain reliever?
leads to vasoconstriction and reduced swelling, slows nerve response
How does cold relieve pain?
migraine, tension type, cluster, chronic
What are your primary headache types?
blood vessels, meninges, cranial nerves
How do we sense headaches?
Vasodilation; meningeal
_____ and ______ stress cause activation of trigeminal nerve (acts as first-order neuron
Meninges
three layers of membranes that cover and protect your brain & spinal cord
Tension-type
-most common form of primary headache
-brought on by physical or emotional stress
-can be treated through hydration & anti-inflammatory analgesics
migraines
Which primary headache has a genetic component?
females
Are migraines more common in males or females?
Migraine
-throbbing, light sensitivity, smell sensitivity, vomiting
-moderate to severe pain
-usually last from 4- 72 hours
-pain on one side of head
-may have aura (light disturbances) 85% do not
analgesics, triptans, DHE
What are some treatments for migraines?
Cluster
-rapid onset of a headache that lasts minutes - 3 hours
-occurs multiple times over the course of weeks
-tends to occur at same time of day; followed by an intermission
-frequently seasonal
Verapamil(calcium channel blockers), corticosteroids
Preventative treatment for cluster headaches?
oxygen, triptans (imitrex or zomig)
Acute treatment for cluster headaches?
Chronic daily headache
-headache 15 days a month for 3 months or more
-often resembles migraine or tension headache