Science, Technology, and Society Test and Flashcards

What is Science? (4)

Science is: - an emprical field - a Systematic field - covers general truth and facts - a total societal enterprise

What is empirikos?

Experienced

>Means that science is any kind of knowledge from

Empirical Field

Means that science follows specific steps in order to reach certain conclusion

Science is a systematic field.

Means that science gets us to the truth through careful observation

Science covers general truths and facts

Means that science achieves social impact alongside financial return.

Science is a total Societal enterprise

What is Technology? (3)

Technology is: - an applied science - body of knowledge and skills - total societal enterprise

a discipline used to apply existing scientific method to develop technology

Applied Science

A group of people with common interests, traditions, purpose, and/or activity.

Society

When society improves ... (2)

- it demands more science; - technology improves too.

The best known product of STS

The Structure of Scientific Revolutions

Who conducted a study that is best known product of STS in 1962?

Thomas Kuhn

an interdisciplinary field that studies the conditions under which the production, distribution and utilization of scientific knowledge and technological systems occur

Science, Technology, and Society (STS)

Beginning of human existence until about 3000 BCE

Stone Age

Cave drawings, unearthed artifacts (stone, bone tools).

Stone Age

Three seperate periods of Stone Age

- Paleolithic - Mesolithic - Neolithic Period

Humans were food gatherers/hunters, depending on hunting wild animals and birds, fishing, and collecting wild fruits, nuts, and berries.

Paleolithic

They are nomads with no permanent shelters.

Paleolithic

Agriculture was introduced during this time which led to settlements in villages.

Mesolithic

Invention of more sophisticated tools, people were able to build permanent shelters.

Neolithic Period

Advances in metallurgy to working were made, as bronze, a copper and tin alloy, was discovered.

Bronze Age

Bronze is made up of

88% Bronze 12% Tin

This period marked the end of the last Ice Age, which resulted in the extinction of many large mammals and rising sea levels and climate change that eventually caused man to migrate.

Mesolithic Period

Era were people are able to build permanent shelters .

Neolithic Era

a naturally occurring solid material from which a metal or valuable mineral can be extracted

Ores

what age was ox-drawn plow and wheel utilized?

Bronze Age

During the bronze age, this is the process of using man-made canals and ditches to divert water from natural sources or floodplains to fields for crops or to reservoir lakes to use at a later time

Irrigation

During the Bronze age, they rotate the crops planted in a number of fields to replenish nutrients in the soil.

Field System

When was the first ever soap invented?

Bronze Age

Where was the equation for soap found?

on the Babylonian earth tablet

The three main ingredients of soap according to the babylonian eart tablet

#NAME?

It was during this time that ancient Egyptians built their pyramids to honor their dead pharaohs.

Bronze Age

The earliest written accounts, including Egyptian hieroglyphs and petroglyphs (rock engravings), were dated to this age

Bronze Age

It was marked by the rise of states or kingdoms ‚Äîlarge-scale societies joined under a central government by a powerful ruler.

Bronze Age

Advancements were made not only in tools but also in farming, home construction, and art, including pottery, sewing and weaving using the loom

Neolithic Period

Period where making textiles and clothing with the materials they harvested from nature and their livestock begins.

Neolithic Period

Lasted from 1500 BCE to 500 BCE

Iron Age

Age where beginning of making tools and weapons from steel.

Iron Age

Where was iron first smelted from ore?

South Caucasus

A region presently occupied by Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan

South Caucasus

At this time, iron was seen as more precious than gold

Iron Age

requires a more intensive process and with the development of better smelting pits

Smelting Iron

a metal harder than copper and tin

Iron

Better, sturdier, and more reliable agricultural tools were produced in this age making agriculture a lot easier than the previous period.

Iron Age

What Age did the first coins imprinted metal pieces for exchange emerged?

Iron Age

During the Iron Age, where and when did the first coins imprinted metal pieces for exchange emerged?

Lydia; 600 BC

a kingdom on the Anatolia peninsula (modern-day Turkey)

Lydia

Agriculture, art, and religion all became more sophisticated, and writing systems and written documentation, including alphabets, began to emerge.

Iron Age

Known as the Medieval Period and has started with the fall of the Roman Empire that lasted for 1,000 years until 1450.

Middle Ages

Why is the beginning of the Middle Ages called the Dark Ages?

Because the great civilizations of Rome and Greece had been conquered.

What are some of the notable invention by Europeans during the Middle Ages? (4)

Horse Collar Watermill Magnetic Compass Clock

Lead to the creation of the first mechanical clocks in around 1300 AD and had become the standard timekeeping device in this period.

Verge Escapement

Most common materials for clothing this time period were wool, cotton, silk, and linen.

Middle Ages

Introduced around 1350, was the first improvement made in the process of cotton spinning.

Spinning Wheel // The Great or Jersey

Europeans invention that pulls horse shoulders

Horse Collar

European invention that rotates and generates electricity

Watermill

European invention that provides direction

Magnetic Compass

What Age was the clock invented?

Middle Age

An early type of seismograph that was invented at China during the Middle Ages used to determine the presence and direction of an earthquake.

Seismoscope

Started in 140 BC but was officially used in writing at a later time (105 AD)

Chinese Paper Making

The first compass were made of iodestone in what dynasty?

Han Dynasty

It comes with a spoon that shows the direction, and is often used in divination, a ritual to see and understand the future, during the Han dynasty.

Magnetic Compass

Utilizes needles for medical therapy

Ancupuncture

The first movable type printing made from pottery was utilized where? What time period?

China; Middle Age

During the middle ages, this is use to carry heavy loads and wagons as well as carry royalties around when they need to travel.

Wheel Barrow

Who were the ones to divide a year in 12 months?

India

Science of smelting

Metallurgy

Established during this time in India which is based on the belief that health and wellness depend on a delicate balance between the mind, body, and spirit

Ayurveda / Ayurvedic medicine

What is the main goal of Ayurveda or Ayurvedic medicine?

Main goal is not to fight diseases but to promote good health

An Italian master navigator, completed four voyages across the Atlantic Ocean that opened the way for European exploration, exploitation, and colonization of the Americas.

Christopher Columbus

Flourishing civilizations in America

#NAME?

Ancient nature of Central America

Maya

Excelled at agriculture, pottery, hieroglyph writing, calendar-making, and mathematics, and left behind an astonishing amount of impressive architecture and symbolic artwork .

Mayans

They made pyramids made out of limestone as a display of their architectural prowess.

Mayans

What did Mayans used as monetary units?

Cocoa Beans

The most noteworthy invention of the Mayans that sparked intrigue and even fear some 10 years ago (2012).

Mayan Solar Calendar

They recorded astronomical observations in stone sculptures.

Aztec

A process of clearing forested lands by cutting trees and plants and burning the remaining vegetation to create a land for agriculture.

Slash and Burn

Peculiar ritual of the Aztecs

Human Sacrifice

Contrary to the Aztecs slash and burn technique, they utilized more advanced farming method which was terraces farming, just like what the Igorots did in Benguet.

Inca

They built irrigation canals to provide access to stream water along with retaining walls which deflected heat during the hot days but trapped it in at night, preventing crops from dying from frostbite during the bitterly cold highland evenings.

Inca

What animal wool did the Incas used to make their clothes? (2)

Llamas Alpacas

Who worked out that it was possible to save the lives of their injured men using a primitive form of brain surgery?

Inca

Basic anesthetics used by Incas during their brain surgery

- Coca - Tobacco - Alcohol

The name given to this period of drastic change in scientific thought that took place during the 16th and 17th centuries.

Scientific Revolution

It replaced the Greek view of nature (more on philosophical rather than empirical) that had dominated Science for almost 2,000 years ago.

Scientific Revolution

Characterized by an emphasis on abstract reasoning, quantitative thought, an understanding of how nature works, the view of nature as a machine, and the development of an experimental scientific method.

Scientific Revolution

The establishment of printing machine in this era paved the way for the faster spread of new ideas and discoveries.

Scientific Revolution

Characteristics of a Scientist (3)

- creativity - curiosity - critical thinking

Proposed that the planets instead revolved around the sun and argued that earth turned daily on its axis.

Nicolaus Copernicus

Geocentrism

Nicolas Copernicus

3 laws of planetary motion

Planets move in elliptical orbits with the sun at one focus Area law Harmonic law

The time necessary to traverse any arc of a planetary orbit is proportional to the area of the sector between the central body and that arc

Area Law

There is an exact relationship between the squares of the planets periodic times and the cubes of the radii of their orbits

Harmonic Law

In optics, his discovery of the composition of white light integrated the phenomena of colors into the science of light and laid the foundation for modern physical optics.

Isaac Newton

In mechanics, his three laws of motion, the basic principles of modern physics, resulted in the formulation of the law of universal gravitation.

Isaac Newton

In mathematics, he was the original discoverer of the infinitesimal calculus.

Isaac Newton

Famous for his theory of evolution in which he wrote a full account of in his book entitled ‚ÄúOn the Origin of Species.‚Äù

Charles Darwin

Theory of Evolution states that ...

Diverse groups of animals evolve from one or a few common ancestors by natural selection.

An Austrian neurologist who is perhaps most known as the founder of psychoanalysis with his development of talk therapy as an approach to treating mental health problems.

Sigmund Freud

Revolved around the three components of the mind, namely the id, ego, and superego.

Freud's Theory of Personality

Made up of the unconscious psychic energy that works to satisfy basic urges, needs, and desires.

Id

Mediates the demands of the id, superego, and reality

Ego

Composed of people internalized ideals (what is right and what is wrong) acquired from parents and society and works to suppress the impulsive urges.

Superego

Marked a period of development in the latter period of the 18th century that transformed largely rural, agrarian societies in Europe and America into industrialized, urban ones.

Industrial Revolution

The time when the manufacture of goods moved from small shops and homes to large factories. This brought about changes in culture as people moved from rural areas to big cities in order to work.

Industrial Revolution

This revolution started in the Great Britain.

Industrial Revolution

Three laws of Motion

- Inertia - Acceleration - Interaction

Who is the first European to successfully use movable type printing?

Johannes Gutenberg

How do you call the books printed using the presses in the beginning of the Gutenberg era?

Incunabula (cradle or birthplace)

What is the first book of any note to be printed with movable type printer?

Gutenberg bible

When was the Gutenberg's Bible published?

1456

When was democracy born and made an effect on society?

Gutenberg Revolution

This revolution hallmark was the use of computers, internet, and other information technologies such as the World Wide Web .

Post-Gutenberg Revolution

In this revolution, the passing of information is much easier compared to the previous ones (e.g. via printing machines).

Post-Gutenberg Revolution

Began around the 1970s and is still going on today. It is also known as the computer age, digital age, or new media age .

Information Age

This era brought about a time period in which people could access information and knowledge easily.

Information Age

This brought about changes in the society from traditionally industrialized to one reliant on information computerization.

Information Age

When was the modern computer born out of the urgent necessity after the 2nd world war?

Rise of the Digital Age

Who designed a device called analytical engine earlier in the

Charles Babbage

Belief that various objects, places, and creatures possess distinctive spiritual qualities.

Animism

Spirit that associates with human between their worlds; they believe that spirits take control of what occurs in their surroundings.

Diwata

Own script system of the Filipinos used for messages and letters.

Baybayin

Number of geographically scattered, self-sufficient, autonomous communities present all over the archipelago before Spaniards came.

Barangay

Transportation used in Pre-colonial period for coastal trade.

Boats

The early Spanish chroniclers took note of the refined warship, these boats were well suited for inter-island trade raids.

Caracoa

During the pre-colonial period, where do Filipinos stay for settlement? (2)

#NAME?

During the pre-colonial period, this area is exposed to re sophisticated technology.

Coastal Areas

During the pre-colonial period, this area sticked to hunting.

Mountain Areas

During the pre-colonial period, this is the material the bees used to construct the walls of their hives, and this material was historically used in creating statues, bronze preservation, and even treating burns and wounds.

Beeswax

During the Spanish Regime, this kind of education was higly religous in nature.

Primary Education

>Provided by schools set up by the different religious orders and limited to the elite of the colonial society

Higher Education

College founded by Jesuits in Cebu City

Colegio de San Ildefonso (1595)

College founded by the Dominicans

Colegio de San Juan de Letran (1640)

On the Spanish Regime, this were given in the 19th century, and included Science subjects such as physics, chemistry, natural history and mathematics.

B.A. degreee, Bachiller en Artes

Was pursued for the priesthood or for clerical positions in the colonial administration.

Higher Education

Was able to specialize in Ophthalmology in Spain and Germany.

Jose Rizal

Studied Engineering in Belgium.

Jose Alejandrino

Was able to study Medicine in Madrid

Graciano Apacible

- Had a chance to get a degree in Pharmacy in Madrid - He was considered as one of the fiercest military men of his time.

Antonio Luna

Spaniards employed this system in which barangays were organized into fewer but larger more compact towns within the area of church bells.

Reduccion System

>also known as >Teniente del >Barrio in Spanish, was the leader or chief of a barangay

>Cabezas de barangay

After whom the Philippines was named, he decreed that the native nobility of the country should retain the honors and privileges they had before their conversion and subjection to the Spanish Crown.

King Philip II of Spain

The head of the town during the Spanish Regime.

Gobernadorcillo or Capitan Municipal

Was created by royal decree but was only able to open in July 1889.

Manila School of Agriculture

- Aimed to provide free primary education to Filipinos - Utilized >English as the >Primary mode of

>Department of Public Instruction

Was established by the Americans and became the training ground for Filipino teachers.

Phillipine Normal School (PNS)

Why was Philippine Normal School (PNS) called normal?

Because its purpose is to establish teaching standards or norms.

Private School Act that recognizes the increasing number of private schools as educational institutions.

>Private School Act No. 2076

Established to look into matters of improvement of private schools educational machinery

>Office of private education

Was one of the main tools the Americans primarily utilized to establish the development of science and technology in the Philippines.

Education

Why did the Philippines remained an exporter to U.S. of various agricultural crops and raw materials and an importer of U.S. manufactured products?

Because of the free trade relations established between the two nations.

Marked the beginning of the country's transformation to a politically independent nation.

Commonwealth Period

An independent cabinet-level agency of the Philippine government responsible for economic development and planning.

National Economic and Development Authority

Philippine government-owned and controlled corporation that is mandated to provide electricity to all rural areas of the Philippines by 2025 (known as missionary electrification ), and to manage water resources for power generation, and to optimize the use of other power generating assets.

National Power Corporation

An agency of the Philippine Department of Agriculture responsible for promoting the accelerated growth and development of the fiber industry in the Philippines, such as abaca, also known as Manila hemp and cotton.

Philippine Fiber Industry Development Authority

During the period of independence, it supervises the academic institutions

>Department of Education and Culture >(DepEd)

During the period of independence, they respond to increasing demands for Science and Technology.

DOST

make certain that all the S&T endeavors are directed toward the realization of economic and social benefits of mankind

Harmonized National R&D Agenda (HNRDA)

Matatag, maginhawa at Panatag na buhay

AmBisyon Natin 2020

One of the three pillars that enhance the social fabric.

Malasakit

One of the three pillars the reduce inequality

Pagbabago

One of the three pillars that increase potential growth

Kaunlaran

The HNRDA is organized into 5 sectors:

NIBRA HRDA AANR IEET DRRCCA

- Water security - Food and Nutrition security - Health sufficiency - Clean energy - Sustainable community - Inclusive Nation-building

NIBRA (National Integrated Basic Research Agenda)

>TUBIG Program (Tubig ay Buhayin at Ingatan)

Water Security

>SAPAT Program (Saganang Pagkain Para sa Lahat)

Food and Nation Security

>LIKAS Program (Likas Yaman sa Kalusugan)

Health Sufficiency

>ALERT Program (Alternative Energy Research Trends)

Clean Energy

>SAKLAW Program (Saklolo sa Lawa)

Sustainable Community

>ATIN program (Ang Tinig Natin)

Inclusive Nation-bulding

The collaborating agencies for health research and development agenda are the Philippine Council for Health Research and Development (PCHRD) under the DOST and the National Unified Health Research Agenda (NUHRA).

Health Research and Development Agenda

- It is the national roadmap for health research in the Philippines; - It provides focus and direction for health research and development efforts; - It guides policy makers, funding and donor agencies and researchers; - It provides evidence-based solutions to pressing health problems; and - It serves as basis for maximizing resource utilization and minimizing duplication of research efforts.

National Unified Health Research Agenda (NUHRA)

Sector that supports the use of advanced and emerging technologies such as biotechnology, genomics, bioinformatics, nanotechnology, nuclear technology, space technology, electronics and automation, and ICT as R&D tools to find S&T solutions to AANR problems or develop new products with significant potential impact to the sector.

Agriculture Aquatic and Natural Resources (AANR)

Focus on food and nutrition security, countryside development, competitive industry, delivery of social services, intelligent transport solutions, renewable energy and energy storage solutions, and human security.

Philippine Council for Industry, Energy, and Emerging Technology Research and Development (PCIEERD-DOST)

Directed toward observation and monitoring networks, technology development and application for monitoring, modelling and simulation for improvement of monitoring and forecasting; hazards vulnerability and risk assessment; warning and communication of information; technology development and application for climate change mitigation and adaptation; and technology development and application for disaster risk management.

Disaster Risk Reduction and Climate Change Adaptation (DRRCCA)

Known as the Philippine Technology Transfer Act of 2009 which aims to provide a framework and support system for the ownership, management, use and commercialization of intellectual property resulting from research and development funded by the government.

> Republic Act 10055

Known as Science Act of 1958 which focuses on the integration, coordination, and intensification of scientific and technological research and development and fostering inventions, to provide funds and for other purposes.

>Republic Act 2067

Launched to motivate Filipinos to come back to Philippines to share their expertise.

>Balik Scientist Program

- Has been tried in the fields of Pulilan, Bulacan; Victoria and Los Ba√±os in Laguna; Cabanatuan, Nueva Ecija, and Iloilo. - This was distributed to farmers for free in 2016. - This 50-million worth program will benefit at least 30,000 hectares of our rice lands.

Cara-vita organic fertilizer

Created to enhance the efficiency of public mass transportation systems

Electric Train project

>More accurate and responsive disaster prevention mitigation system

NOAH (Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazard)

3D mapping program that uses LIDAR system to effectively and accurately measure critical flood elevation and depth

DREAM (Disaster Risk and Exposure Assessment for Mitigation Program)

Flashcards: Science, Technology, and Society