Health Behavior
any behavior undertaken by an individual who believes him/herself to be healthy, for the purpose of preventing disease or detecting disease in an asymptomatic stage.
HBM background
-developed by social psychologists in 1950's
-sought to understand why some ppl received tb screenings and others did not
-conducted a study to identify the combination of psychological, social, and physical (observations) that determined whether or not someone wanted to be screened.
psychological readiness, situational influences, environmental conditions
What was the outcome of the study/ 3 factors that determined participation screening?
value expectancy model
behavior is a function of the degree to which individuals value an outcome and their assessment of the probability or expectation that a particular action will achieve that outcome
perceived susceptibility, perceived severity, perceived benefits & barriers, cues to action, self-efficacy
What are the key constructs of the HBM?
Perceived susceptibility
subjective belief that a person may acquire a disease or enter a harmful state as a result of a particular behavior
Perceived severity
belief in the extent of harm that can result from the acquired disease or harmful state as a result of a particular behavior
Perceived Benefits & Barriers
belief in the advantages of the methods suggested for reducing the risk or seriousness of the disease or harmful state resulting from a particular behavior " pros outweigh cons"
Cues to Action
precipitating force that makes a person feel the need to take action
Self-efficacy
confidence in one's ability to acquire the new behavior
helps us understand what goes into getting patients to successfully accomplish any given health behavior; give us clues on how to develop interventions
How do we use the HBM?
stage models
seek to explain/ understand behavior by looking at the steps along the way
helps design more efficient and effective intervention strategies
What is the advantage of using stage models?
Key Elements of Stage models
-categorizing system used to define stages of a behavior
-stages are in an order that explains progression toward the behavior
-people in the same stage will experience similar barriers to behavior change
-people in different stages will experience different barriers
-interventions are more effective if they are tailored to the stage
Transtheoretical model(TTM), precaution adoption process model (PAPM)
What are the two types of Stage Models?
TTM
uses stages of change to integrate the processes and principles of behavior change across major theories of intervention
6
How many stages of change are in TTM?
10
How many processes of change are in TTM?
Precontemplation
no intention to take action within the next 6 months
contemplation
intends to take action within the next 6 months
preparation
intends to take action within the next 30 days and has taken some behavioral steps in this direction
action
changed behavior for less than 6 months
maintenance
changed behavior for more than 6 months
Termination
No temptation to relapse and 100% confidence they can maintain
PAPM
-developed to describe and explain the process by which people adopt precautions against a new risk
-asserts that the stages represent qualitatively different patterns of behaviors, beliefs, and experiences.
-factors that produce transition between stages vary
7
How many stages in PAPM?
Conscious raising
increase awareness about causes, consequences, and cure for a problem behavior
Dramatic relief
increasing positive or negative emotions to motivate taking appropriate actions
Environmental reevaluation
cognitive and affective assessment of how the presence or absence of behavior affects one's social environment
Self-reevaluation
cognitive and effective reassessment of one's self-image with or without unhealthy behavior
Self-liberation
belief that one can change and the commitment/recommitment to act on that belief
social liberation
increase in healthy social opportunities or alternatives
Helping relationships
caring, trust, openness, and acceptance as well as support from others for healthy behavior change
counter conditioning
learning healthier behaviors that can substitute for problem behaviors
stimulus control
removing cues for unhealthy habits and adding prompts for healthier alternatives
reinforcement management
rewarding oneself or being rewarded by others for making progress
Decisional balance
individual's weighing of the pros and cons of changing
self-efficacy
situation specific confidence that once can cope with high-risk situations (temptations) without relapsing to one's former behavior
temptation
-the converse of self-efficacy
-the intensity of urges to engage in an unhealthy behavior when in difficult situations
social cognitive theory
proposes that behavior is more strongly mediated by cognitive processes that occur through observation of social modeling
Reciprocal Determinism
a central construct of social cognitive theory
personal, physical & social environment, behavior
Constructs of social cognitive theory