Morbidity
-any departure, subjective or objective, from a state of physiological and psychological well-being
# of new cases in a year/ total # of risk population that year
Incidence formula?
Cumulative incidence
-the proportion of the population at risk that develops the disease of interest over a specified period of time.
fixed
Cumulative incidence is primarily used in ________ populations.
when the length of follow up is not the same
When do we use incidence rate?
incidence rate
-measures the number of people who become new cases during a specified period as a proportion of the total time at which individuals in a population at risk are observed.
# of new cases of a disease during specified period/ total person-time of observation in population at risk
Incidence rate formula?
point prevalence
-the number of people who have the disease of interest at a single point in time, divided by the number of people in the population at that specific time, e.g., on a given day.
no. of people who have disease at specified time/ number of persons in the population at that specified time
Point prevalence formula?
a
If the term prevalence is used without a modifier, what do we use?
a) point prevalence
b) period prevalence
crude mortality
-The total number of deaths from all causes per 1,000 persons in a population during a specified period of time divided by the total number of persons in the population during that period of time
age composition of the population
What influences crude mortality rate?
mid-year population size
What population size is used with crude mortality rate?
age-adjusted mortality rate
-The death rate that would occur if the observed age-specific death rates were present in a population with an age distribution equal to that of a standard population
age-specific mortality rate
-The total number of deaths from all causes among individuals in a specific age category
compares: mortality between population groups, geographic locations; tracks mortality trends over time
What are advantages associated with age-adjusted mortality rate?
cause of death
the chain of events – diseases, injuries or complications – that directly caused the death. DO NOT include terminal events such as cardiac arrest, shock, or heart failure without showing the etiology
underlying cause of death
-The disease or injury that initiated the train of events leading directly to death, or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injury
case fatality
-the propensity of a disease to cause the death of affected persons
proportionate mortality; case fatality
________ & _________ are NOT ratios.
Proportionate mortality
-the proportion of deaths that are attributable to a specific cause.
risk ratio (relative risk), odds ratio
What do we use to measure associations?
RRR, ARR, NNT, NNH
What do we use to measure therapeutic effects?
mortality
______ is a benchmark measure of health outcomes.
morbidity
______ measures incidence and prevalence.
# of deaths from a specific cause during a specified period/ number of ppl in the population during the period
What is the formula for cause-specific mortality rate?
# of deaths from a specific disease/ # of people with the disease
What is the formula for case fatality?
number of deaths from a disease/ total number of deaths
What is the formula for proportionate mortality?