smoking, a1-antitrypsin deficiency
What are the causes of COPD? (2)
loss of lung elasticity, abnormal enlargement of airspaces, hyperinflated lung
Emphysema causes : (3) ?
exertional dyspnea, right-sided HF,
What conditions can COPD lead to? (2)
chronic bronchitis
-hyper secretion of mucus in large airways resulting in obstruction of smaller airways
TP53; KRAS
Mutations in _____ gene & ______ pathway cause cell proliferation in lung cancer.
P16
-tumor suppressor gene
middle ear disease, lower respiratory illness, sudden infant death syndrome
Health consequences of 2nd hand smoke in children? (3)
nasal irritation, lung cancer, CHD, low birth weight
Health consequences of 2nd hand smoke in adults? (4)
triglycerides; HDL
Smoking can cause an increase in ________ & decrease in __________.
inflammation, atherogenesis, macro/microvascular neuropathy, oxidative stress, DNA damage
What are the causal outcomes of smoking? (5)