Vomiting (emesis) is the ___.
Vomiting is the forceful expulsion of chyme from the stomach.
What is bulimia?
An eating disorder where the person binges then proceeding to throw everything up (to prevent absorbing calories).
Describe the different types of blood in the stool.
Frank blood: fresh, red blood, not digested and usually indicates lesions in the rectum or anal canal.
Occult blood: small, hidden amounts of blood that aren't visible to the eye but only in tests. Small ulcers in the stomach or small intestine.
Melena: dark-colored stool from significant bleeding.
What are some causes for dsyphagia?
Fibrosis - scar tissue contracts
Compression - ex. from a tumor
Diverticulum - accumulated food in the pouch obstructs the flow of food down the esophagus
What is gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)?
A periodic reflux of the contents of the stomach (which contains bile) into the esophagus causing erosion and inflammation.
Chronic gastritis is characterized by ___.
the atrophy of stomach mucosa.
How do you treat chronic gastritis?
Antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors.
What damage to the mucosal barrier do?
It predisposes to development of ulcers.
What are some complications of peptic ulcers?
- hemorrhage
- perforation
- obstruction
What are some risk factors for gallstones?
- obesity
- hemolytic anemia
- high cholesterol in bile
What are the three stages of hepatitis?
1. preicteric
2. icteric
3. posticteric - recovery
What is cirrhosis?
A progressive destruction of the liver, when 80-90% of the liver has been destroyed.
What is biliary and postnecrotic cirrhosis?
Biliary: associated with immune disorders
Postnecrotic: linked with chronic hepatitis
Why is blood supply to the liver interfered with in cirrhosis?
Due to the increasing fibrosis of the tissue (scar tissue doesn't have any capillaries).
What happens in third-stage cirrhosis?
Also known as end-stage; where the entire liver tissue has been replaced with fibrotic tissue --> little to no function.
Describe the first two stages of cirrhosis.
1. Initial stage: accumulation of fat in liver cells --> fatty liver. Hepatomegaly, can be reversed.
2. Second stage/alcoholic hepatitis: inflammation and cell necrosis occur --> formation of fibrous tissue.
Pancreatitis results in the autodigestion of the tissue. Why?
Because the organ lacks a fibrous capsule to protect itself (which would've contained the effects of autodigestion).
Celiac disease prevents further digestion of ___ (breakdown product of gluten).
Celiac disease prevents further digestion of gliaden (breakdown product of gluten).
What are some chronic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBDs)?
- chron's
- ulcerative colitis
What region does crohn's and ulcerative colitis typically affect?
What is a characteristic of the lesions present in chron's?
Skip lesions - lesions with normal tissue separating each one.
In chron's, inflammation stimulates ___.
intestinal motility.
What is diverticular disease?
The development of diverticula (pouches in the intestine).
What is an anal fistula?
Wherein a new tract is formed from the anus to another area.