ecological study
-descriptive data at the group/population level
d
Which has the limitation of being limited to a single outcome?
a) case report
b) ecological study
c) cross-sectional
d) case-control
e) cohort
b
Which has the limitation of NOT having individual patient data?
a) case report
b) ecological study
c) cross-sectional
d) case-control
e) cohort
d
Which is used to explore/study rare outcomes?
a) case report
b) ecological study
c) cross-sectional
d) case-control
e) cohort
e
Which is the most expensive/time-consuming?
a) case report
b) ecological study
c) cross-sectional
d) case-control
e) cohort
c
Which is the BEST at determining prevalence?
a) case report
b) ecological study
c) cross-sectional
d) case-control
e) cohort
c
Which lacks a time component?
a) case report
b) ecological study
c) cross-sectional
d) case-control
e) cohort
selection; attrition
What types of bias are present in Cohort studies? (2)
confounders
________ are a major problem in Cohort studies.
lack of randomization, limited cases, matching; controlling background variables/confounders, recall bias
What are the major methodological concerns of Case-Control studies? (4)
cases & controls are selected from the same source population
Define what a " population-based " case-control study refers to.
b
Useful for estimating the overall burden or presence of a disease in a population
a) incident cases
b) prevalence cases
a
Useful for investigating risk factors, causes, or natural disease course.
a) incident cases
b) prevalence cases
matching
-is a technique used to ensure that cases and controls or exposed and
unexposed groups are comparable with respect to specific characteristics
(age, gender, race/ethnicity) that are potential confounders
risk is the direct estimate of an event occurring; odds compares the likelihood of an event happening vs not happening
What is the difference between risk & odds?
recall bias
-occurs when there are differences in the accuracy or completeness of
information obtained from study participants due to variations in their ability
to recall past events or exposures.
selection bias
-a type of bias that occurs when the individuals included in a study or sample
are not representative of the target population or when they are chosen in a
way that systematically distorts the true relationship between the variables
being studied
information bias
-a type of bias in research and epidemiology occurs when there are
systematic errors or inaccuracies in how data is collected, recorded, or
measured.
confounder
-a third variable that is not the primary focus of the study but is related to
both the exposure and the outcome; can falsely suggest a causal relationship
a binary variable that indicates the presence or absence of an event/outcome
Describe the nature of the dependent variable in logistic regressions.
c
OR < 1
a) event rate is higher in treatment group than control group
b) event rate is the same between both groups
c) event rate is lower in treatment group than control group
b
OR=1
a) event rate is higher in treatment group than control group
b) event rate is the same between both groups
c) event rate is lower in treatment group than control group
a
OR > 1
a) event rate is higher in treatment group than control group
b) event rate is the same between both groups
c) event rate is lower in treatment group than control group