sympathetic outflow; RAAS
What are the two main compensatory mechanisms in HF?
increased sympathetic outflow
Decreased baroreceptor input to vasomotor center leads to _______.
tachycardia, increased contractility/ vascular tone
Increased sympathetic outflow leads to ? (2)
decreased ejection fraction & cardiac output
Increased afterload leads to? (2)
increased stroke volume, cardiac output, wall stress
Increased preload leads to? (3)
renin release; Ang II ; myocardial hypertrophy
Decreased blood flow will cause a release of _______ that will be converted into ________, a potent vasoconstrictor. All of this can lead to _________.
Na/water retention; K+ & Mg++ losses
Aldosterone effects on electrolytes?
Chymase
- an enzyme that can also convert Ang I; failure to inhibit this enzyme can
result in aldosterone escape.
f; is also regulated by plasma Na+ and K+
Aldosterone secretion is only regulated by Ang II. T/F?
hyperkalemia
What can using an ACEi and MRA lead to?
a
Which is a competitive aldosterone antagonist?
a) spironolactone
b) eplerenone
a
Which is a synthetic steroid?
a) spironolactone
b) eplerenone
b
Which is more selective?
a) spironolactone
b) eplerenone
a
Which has a slower onset/offset of action?
a) spironolactone
b) eplerenone
b
Which is metabolized by CYP3A4?
a) spironolactone
b) eplerenone
f; prodrug
Sacubitril is an orally active drug. T/F?
neprilysin
- peptidase that degrades and inactivates natriuretic peptides, bradykinin, and substance P.
vasodilation, low bp, reduced sympathetic tone, reduced aldosterone, natriuresis/diuresis
Natriuretic Peptides lead to what? (5)
inhibits RAAS and preserves natriuretic peptides; potentiating beneficial effects of ANP & BNP
Entresto MOA?
kidney-diuretic; vessels- vasodilation; heart- antihypertrophic, antifibrotic
What organs does Entresto affect?
sacubitril increases bradykinin; so that + an ACEi will lead to angioedema
When developing the ARNI combination, why did they choose Valsartan to inhibit RAAS instead of an ACEi?
a, c
Where are B1 adrenergic receptors located?
a) heart
b) lungs
c) macula densa (kidney)
d) visceral organs
b,d
Where are B2 adrenergic receptors located?
a) heart
b) lungs
c) macula densa (kidney)
d) visceral organs
nonselective B blocker; a1 receptor antagonist
Carvedilol is a ________ & ________.
b
Which is metabolized by CYP2D6?
a) carvedilol
b) metoprolol
c) bisoprolol
d) nebivolol
c
Which has the longest half life?
a) carvedilol
b) metoprolol
c) bisoprolol
d) nebivolol
d
Which can release NO for vasodilation?
a) carvedilol
b) metoprolol
c) bisoprolol
d) nebivolol
reduce HR, force, conduction, decrease O2 demand, less renin release
What are the effects of B-Blockers? (5)
prevents the overstimulation of SNS
Why are BB's useful in HF?