Afferent
carry information to CNS
Efferent
carry information away from CNS
Dendrites
receive information
Soma
-integrates information
-cell body
Axon
sends information
Myelination
-increases the velocity of nerve impulse conduction
-viewed as white matter in scans
Central nervous system
Where are oligodendrocytes found ?
Peripheral nervous system
Where are schwann cells found?
Astrocytes
-support neuronal function
-couple blood flow from vessels to neurons
-produce growth factors
-buffer toxins
astrocytes
Which is the most abundant cell type of the CNS?
Glial scar (gliosis)
scar tissue formed by astrocytes
Astrocytoma
-glibolastoma multiformed
-most aggressive brain cancer
Microglia
-immune cells of the brain
-small in size
-clean up debris, damage, infection
Alzheimer's, MS, Autism
Which pathologies are associated with Microglia?
TBI, stroke, Alzheimer's
Astrocyte scar tissue is formed in response to which pathologies?
Cerebrovasculature
-provide glucose and oxygen to neural tissue
-brain consumes 20% of body's oxygen, receives 15-20% of cardiac output
-receives 15-20% of cardiac output
stroke, transient ischemic attack, aneurysm
What are common pathologies associated with the cerebrovasculature?
uncharged lipid-soluble molecules, alcohol, nicotine
The blood brain barrier is not a good barrier against what?
synapse
site of connection between neurons and target effector cells
neurotransmitters
action potentials may lead to the release of chemical signals. These are called _____
axon hillock
initial segment of the neuron where action potentials initiate
sodium channel inactivation
Certain forms of epilepsy are caused by failures in _______
neurotransmitters
chemical substances synthesized and released from pre-synaptic neurons to excite, inhibit, or modify the response of its post-synaptic effector cell
inhibitory
What type of neurotransmitter is GABA?
excitatory
What type of neurotransmitter is Glutamate?
synthesis of neurotransmitter, storage, release, binding to effector, termination
What are the steps of neurotransmission?
Parkinson's disease
movement disorder induced by the selective death of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (region in the midbrain)
Ionotropic receptors
are ligand-gated ion channels made up of three, four, or five protein subunits that together form an ion-conducting pore in the center of the receptor.
Metabotropic receptors
G-protein-coupled receptor
Central nervous system (CNS)
-brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
-spinal nerves, cranial nerves, all nerves outside CNS
down
Efferent information runs _____
up
Afferent information runs _____